• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1431-1441
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing rice straw with different proportions of cassava pulp on growth performance, feed intake, digestibility, rumen microbial population, energy partitioning and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization in beef cattle. Methods: Eighteen yearling Thai native beef cattle (Bos indicus) with an average initial body weight (BW) of $98.3{\pm}12.8kg$ were allocated to one of three dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 149 days in a randomized complete block design. Three dietary treatments using different proportions of cassava pulp (100, 300, and 500 g/kg dry matter basis) instead of rice straw as a base in a fermented total mixed ration were applied. Animals were placed in a metabolic pen equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to determine total digestibility and energy balance. Results: The average daily weight gain, digestible intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrate, total protozoa, energy intake, energy retention and energy efficiency increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing proportion of cassava pulp in the diet, whereas the three main types of fibrolytic bacteria and energy excretion in the urine (p<0.05) decreased. The metabolizable energy requirement for the maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle, determined by a linear regression analysis, was $399kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$, with an efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth of 0.86. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of cassava pulp up to 500 g/kg of dry matter as a base in a fermented total mixed ration is an effective strategy for improving productivity in zebu cattle.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2002

본 실험은 꽃사슴에 있어서 육림부산물 발효 사료 급여에 따른 체내 이용성과 행동양식을 시판 완전혼합사료와의 비교를 통해 육림부산물에 대한 사슴사료로서의 적합성을 검토하기 위해 실시하였고 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 건물채식량은 숫성록의 경우 CMR구와 FPS구가 거의 비슷한 수준을 유지하였고, 육성록의 경우 FPS구가 약간 낮았다. 2. 소화율은 CMR구의 경우 개체별로 평균 76.7%의 높은 건물 소화율을 나타냈으며 FPS구의 경우에도 CMR구에 비해서는 낮은 소화율을 나타냈으나 평균 65.5%의 건물소화율로서 비교적 높은 체내이용성을 보였다. 3. 질소출납 실험에서 섭취질소에 대한 축적질소의 비율은 FPS구가 48.3%, CMR구가 41.3%로 FPS구가 더 높은 효율을 나타냈다. 4. 채식시간은 하루 중 CMR구가 127분이었고 FPS구가 216분, 반추시간은 CMR구가 154분과 FPS구가 197분을 소비하여 FPS를 급여한 사슴들이 채식시간과 반추시간이 더 길었다. 5. 사슴의 24시간동안 채식 및 반추 휴식 등의 행동에서는 CMR구와 FPS구 모두 짧고 잦은 빈도의 전형적인 사슴의 행동양식을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 육림부산물 발효사료는 사슴에 있어서 높은 체내이용성을 나타내어 사슴용 사료로서 충분한 가치가 있다고 평가된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.658-664
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine a proper feeding regime for lactating Holstein cows during the warm season in Taiwan. In Feeding Trial, 21 lactating Holstein cows were randomly allotted into three feeding regimes in a Completely Randomized Design. The feeding regimes were roughage fed ad libitum along with concentrate fed either twice daily (2C) or four times daily (4C), and total mixed ration (TMR) for 8 weeks. No significant differences among the three feeding regimes were found in body weight changes, and intakes in terms of dry matter, crude protein and net energy. For milk yield and 4% FCM yield, 4C were higher than the other two feeding regimes (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in milk compositions or differences noted in the yields of the respective milk components. TMR was worse than 2C and 4C (p<0.05) in milk production efficiencies in terms of dry matter intake per kg milk yield, crude protein intake per kg milk protein yield, as well as dry matter intake, net energy intake and crude protein intake per kg 4% FCM yield. Three ruminally fistulated Holstein dry cows were randomly assigned into the same three feeding regimes in a 3${\times}$3 Latin Square Design. No significant differences were found among the feeding regimes in ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, total VFA concentration, molar percentages of VFA, and acetic acid: propionic acid ratio (C$_2$/C$_3$). Taken all together, roughage fed ad libitum and concentrate fed four times daily was the better feeding regime for lactating cows during the warm season in Taiwan.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.237-248
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• 1992

The effect of 16 different dietary rations, computed by the combinations of 13, 16, 19 or 22% CP and 2600, 2800, 3000 or 3100 kcal ME/kg, on growth performances and carcass yield of Starcross layers were assessed in two similar experiments. In both experiments, the body weight, eviscerated carcass yield, edible carcass yield, length of digestive tract and shank length increased but the feed intake decreased linearly with the increase of dietary CP and ME levels. The liver and gizzard weights as percentages of live weight tended to be increased with the increase of dietary CP and ME levels. The carcass dry matter, crude protein, fat, ash and energy content were not influenced by the dietary CP and ME levels. Dietary CP levels had positive correlations with all the parameters (except feed and energy intake and carcass dry matter). However, the dietary ME levels were positively correlated with all the parameters (except feed and energy intake; carcass dry matter and ash) in both experiments. The higher values were noted for all the parameters (except gizzard and carcass fat percentages) studied in Experiment 1 compared to those observed in Experiment 2.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1139-1146
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• 2002

Sixty crossbred Anglo-Nubian goats (growing females), 18-24 mo of age, with a mean pre-experimental live weight of $20.9{\pm}0.44kg$ were used to investigate voluntary dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility of supplements of Leucaena leucocephala (LL) leaves to a basal diet of guinea grass. The experiment was a 3 forms of presentation: fresh, wilted and $dry{\times}4$ levels of supplementation: 10, 20, 30 and 40% of total forage allowance with LL leaves. The goats were assigned based on weight and age to one of the twelve diets in a randomized manner and each level had five animals (replicates) per diet for 56 days. The form of presentation of LL leaves had effects on dry matter (DM) and nutrient composition. DM and NDF were higher in the dry LL leaves (p<0.05). In the diets, CP increased as the level of supplementation with LL leaves increased (p<0.05). Mean CP was similar in the fresh ($14.8{\pm}3.5%$), wilted ($14.3{\pm}3.3%$) and dry forms ($13.9{\pm}3.1%$). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of supplementation. Organic matter (OM) followed the trend of CP concentration (p<0.05). Drying was observed to reduce the availability of CP at the different levels of supplementation and subsequently this affected the NDF of the diets. DM intake of the goats on the fresh and wilted LL leaves was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in those on the dry LL leaves. DM intake of the basal diet was observed to decrease as the level of supplementation (p<0.05) increased regardless of the form of presentation of LL. Growth rate was best (p<0.05) on the fresh form followed by wilted and the least in the dry form. Growth rate decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increase in the level of supplementation in the dry form. The form of presentation and level of supplementation influenced DM, CP and OM digestibility (p<0.05). Except for NDF, the digestibility of DM, CP and OM were better (p<0.05) in the goats on fresh LL leaves compared to the wilted and dry leaves. Based on the data on DMI, growth rate and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients, the results suggest that LL leaves is best utilized when fed fresh or wilted to goats. In the dry form of presentation, the best level of supplementation without a reduction in voluntary DMI and growth rate is the 20%. In the fresh and wilted form, LL leaves could be fed up to the 40% level with improved DMI, growth rate and nutrient utilization.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 1997

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of zeranol injection on dry matter(DM) and nutrient intake requirement by growth stage of early castrated bull with 3 treatments(bul1, steer, steer+zeranol) with 28 Holstein bull at National Livestock Research Institute. The main results were as follows: DM intake at growing and fatting stage was the highest in steer groups, that the highest in bull groups at finishing stage and overall mean DM intake was 5% lower at steer+zeranol groups compared to bull and steer, respectively. Net energy intake at finishing stage was the highest as 35.49 Mcal at bull groups, while overall mean net energy intake was 101 - 109% of NRC requirement without significant difference. Concentrate intake to body weight was 1.68- 1.82, 1.91 -2.08 and 1.81 -2.05% at growing, fatting and finishing stage, respectively. Overall mean concentrate intake to body weight at steer groups was 1.94%, which is 1.8 and 1.81% higher compared to bull and steer+zeranol groups, respectively. Feed conversion ratio(DM) during overall period was the worst at steer groups as 9.321g, and also net energy conversion ratio was similar to DM conversion ratio.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2002

육림지에서 생산되는 육림부산물 전체 혼합 물과 개별 수엽류의 사슴용 사료화 가능성을 검토하기 위해 육림부산물 혼합 사일리지, 칡사일리지, 졸참나무 사일리지 및 갈참나무 사일리지를 급여한 꽃사슴에 있어서 건물 채식량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소출납을 비교하였다. 건물섭취량은 WOS가 가장 높았고 ARS가 가장 낮았으나, 그 차이에 대한 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 가소화 건물섭취량의 경우는 건물 소화율이 높았던 FBS와 ARS가 건물소화율이 낮은 BOS와 WOS에 비해 높은 경향을 나타냈다(p＞0.05). 건물소화율은 ARS가 가장 높았고 BOS가 가장 낮았으며(P＜0.05), 조단백질 소화율도 건물소화율과 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 조섬유 소화율은 FBS와 ARS가 BOS와 WOS에 비해 높았다(P＞0.05). 실험사료별 일당증체량은 WOS가 나머지 세 처리구에 비해 약간 많았으나 모든 처리구가 거의 비슷한 수준을 유지하였다(P＞0.05). 질소섭취량은 ARS가 가장 많았고 BOS가 가장 낮았으며(P＜0.05), 분 중 질소의 배출량은 질소섭취량과는 반대로 BOS가 가장 많았고 ARS가 가장 적었다(P＜0.05). 뇨 중질소의 배출량은 질소섭취량이 많았던 ARS가 가장 높았고 BOS가 가장 낮아 처리간에 유의성(P＜0.05)이 인정되었다. 체내 축적된 질소의 양은 FBS가 많았고 BOS가 가장 적었다(P＞0.05). 질소섭취량에 대한 체내 축적질소량의 비율은 처리간에 유의적 차이가 인정되지는 않았으나 FBS가 43.9%로 이용효율이 가장 높았고 BOS는 24.7%로 이용효율이 가장 낮았다. 이상에서 육림지에서 배출되는 부산물들은 높은 채식성과 체내이용성을 나타내어 사슴용 사료자원으로서 충분한 가치가 인정된다고 평가되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.540-572
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• 2011

The present review focuses on the effects of energy intake on performance, changes in body tissue during lactation, and metabolic parameters in dairy cows. Especially, pre-partum nutrition and its influence on lactation are emphasized. In recent decades the increase in genetic potential of dairy cows has increased milk yield. This fact sharpens the problem of a negative energy balance in early lactation because the amount of energy required for maintenance and milk production exceeds the amount of energy cows can consume. Around parturition, reduced feed intake reinforces the situation. Continuing negative energy balance causes decreasing milk yield, fertility problems, and incidence of metabolic diseases. Hence, the cow has to rely on body reserves that were stored in late lactation and the dry period. It is evident that the nutritional status pre-partum acts as the key factor for milk yield and fertility parameters in the following lactation. Cows overfed during the foregoing gestation and which have gained large quantities of body fat have lower dry matter intake along with the need to mobilize larger quantities of body reserves in lactation. The milk yield in the following lactation is lower than in cows fed according to their requirements. Cows restrictively fed in late gestation have a higher feed intake in lactation and a lower mobilization of body reserves. The effect of energy intake post-partum plays only a minor role for performance parameters in lactation. Lipid mobilized from body reserves makes a substantial contribution to the energetic cost of milk production in early lactation and adipose tissue undergoes specific metabolic alterations. Adipose tissue is degraded to free fatty acids, which are used in liver for energy purposes. High lipid mobilisation promotes the development of a fatty liver and therefore a reduced gluconeogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.791-799
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• 2011

This study examined the effect of restricting feed intake and the subsequent compensatory growth in Guzera females. Eighteen animals with an initial age of 21 months and a mean weight of 268.17 kg were placed in three groups according to the alimentary regime: feed ad libitum; feed restricted to 20% dry matter; and feed restricted to 40% dry matter. In the restricted feed phase, the dry mater intake decreased as the restriction levels increased, influencing the reduction in intake of other nutrients. In the realimentation phase, the 40% restricted feed group ingested more dry matter (% BW) and crude protein ($weight^{0.75}$) than the group fed ad libitum (p<0.001). The serum nutrient concentrations were inversely proportional (p<0.001) to the restriction level, and there was no difference (p>0.001) in the realimentation phase. In the restricted feed phase, the final live weight decreased (p<0.05) as the restriction level increased. For the daily mean weight gain in the control group, there was no difference (p>0.05) compared to the animals with 20% feed restriction, but this was higher than in the group with 40% feed restriction. In the re-alimentation phase, the group with 40% feed restriction achieved higher weight gain rates, which was different from the control and 20% restriction groups. In both phases, the animals in the group with 40% feed restriction presented better feed conversion which was different (p<0.05) from the control group. In the feed restriction phase, it was observed that the intake of N, nitrogen excreted in feces and urine, nitrogen balance and nitrogen retention decreased (p<0.05) with the restriction level. None of the variables were influenced in the re-alimentation phase. These results show that feed restriction by 40% can be adopted as a nutritional management practice.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.230-234
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• 1996

This study was conducted to compare the intake, digestibility and utilization of nitrogen by goats consuming high and low tannin diets. Low tannin diets were 100% grass(GS) and 50% grass + SO% alfalfa (GA), and high tannin diets were 50% grass + 50% lespedeza(GL) and 50% grass + 50% oak browse(G0). Dry matter intake did not differ among all diets, but digestibility of dry matter, cellular constituents, NDF and ADF showed slightly lower for high tannin diets(GO) than low tannin diets(GS and GA), but those were not differ between GL and low tannin diets with the exception of ADF digestibility. Total faces and urinary N were lower for high tannin diets than for low tannin diets. Apparently digested N was high in GA diets, but low in GO diets(P