• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2004

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite anticancer agent active against many types of solid tumors. Tegafur (TF), a prodrug of 5-FU, is frequently used in combination with uracil as dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inhibitory fluoropyrimidine. We studied the stability of 5-FU and TF in biological fluids of rats and determined their bioavailability (BA) and excretion into bile, and urine. The drug concentrations were analyzed by an HPLC method. At room temperature, there was a 14-30% decrease in the concentration of 5-FU and TF in bile, urine, and plasma specimen at 10 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ over 240 min. No significant difference was noted among the sample types or between two different concentrations of 10 and $100{\mu}g/ml$. The decrease in drug concentration was significantly less in samples kept on ice (6-12%) for both drugs. These data indicate that biological fluid samples containing 5-FU or TF in plasma, urine, or bile should be placed on ice during the sample collection. Following these storage guidelines, samples were collected after administration 50 mg/kg of each drug via i.v. or oral route. BA was 1.5 folds greater for TF (60%) than that of 5-FU (42%). Approximately 0.52 and 3.3% of the i.v. doses of 5-FU and TF was excreted into bile, respectively. Renal clearance of 5-FU was about 16% of its total body clearance. These results suggest that instability of 5-FU and TF in biological fluids should be considered in pharmacokinetic or pharmacogenomic studies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.803-811
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• 2003

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics of yellow pigments in domestic and imported yellow croakers during distribution and storage. The croaker is generally adulterated by mixed color product of red and yellow pigment. This study found that the yellow pigment was stable during pH and temperature changes, but the red pigment was less stable than the yellow pigment. As for the light effect on the yellow pigment and the red pigment, there was no change in the remaining rate of the pigment stored in a dark place. The moisture content decreased according to the storage period, and the width of changes was large in the order of croaker stored at $5^{\circ}C$, croaker stored at $15^{\circ}C$ and dried croakers. The yellowness value of the abdomen of the adulterated white croaker did not show any large difference at the initial stage and for a storage period of 10 days at $5^{\circ}C$. However, the yellow croakers showed a decreasing trend according to the storage period at $15^{\circ}C$. The croaker can be generally adulterated by a mixed color of red and yellow pigment. For the texture change in accordance with the storage condition of the croakers, both the yellow and white croakers showed a gradually increasing trend of hardness when stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to confirm the effect of the type of dissolution media and paddle speed on nifedipine (ND) release profile from osmotic granule and the storage stability. Osmotic granule was manufactured by fluidized bed coating method. At each coating step, morphology of osmotic granule was differed. The size of osmotic granule was $750\;{\mu}m$ at 3 wt% membrane thickness. ND release was changed in diverse dissolution media, paddle speed. ND release is governed by not only osmotic pressure but diffusion from osmotic granule. ND release from osmotic granule decreased as storage period increased. These may be caused by liquid excipient which has low molecular weight. Storage stability of osmotic granule could be improved by removing liquid excipient from semipermeable membrane.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.861-864
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• 2008

Enterobacter sakazakii, Salmonella typhimurium. and Bacillus cereus were evaluated on inoculated infant formula by gamma irradiation treatment as a method to provide microbial safety. The infant formula inoculated with the major pathogenic bacteria was treated at irradiation dose of 0, 3, 5, and 10 kGy, respectively. After treatment, the samples were individually packaged and stored at $20^{\circ}C$. Microbiological data during storage represented that the populations of E. sakazakii, S. typhimurium, and B. cereus were reduced with the increase of irradiation dose by 4 to 5 log reductions. In particular, E. sakazakii, S. typhimurium. and B. cereus were eliminated at 10, 5, and 3 kGy, respectively. E. sakazakii was the most radiation-resistant, while B. cereus was the least. Our results represent that gamma irradiation below 10 kGy should eliminate the growth of the major pathogenic bacteria in infant formula during storage.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of using a coating of gelatin extracted from refiner discharge to extend the shelf life of salmon during cold storage ($5^{\circ}C$). Relative percentage of moisture loss in gelatin-coated salmon during cold storage was less than that of uncoated salmon. The treatment of salmon with gelatin reduced volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) formation throughout the entire storage period. Measurements of the peroxide value (POV), fatty acid composition, and (20:5n-3+22:6n-3)/16:0 ratio during cold storage indicated that the coating of salmon with gelatin from refiner discharge effectively suppressed lipid oxidation over the entire storage period. The extent of sensory color change during cold storage was less in the gelatin-coated than in the uncoated salmon. From the results of chemical measurements, such as relative moisture content, VBN, POV, fatty acid composition, (20:5n-3+22:6n-3)/16:0 ratio, and sensory color change, the conclusion was made that the coating treatment of salmon with refiner discharge gelatin effectively suppressed moisture loss, lipid oxidation, and color deterioration over the entire storage period.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

In this study, formaldehyde in various fisheries products was previously derivatized with acetylacetone and subsequently analyzed by using HPLC-PDA. The formaldehyde contents ranged from 0.07 to 73.74 mg/kg. The compound was significantly higher in both mollusks (0.34-12.38 mg/kg) and crustaceans (0.09-73.74 mg/kg) than in fish (0.07-3.35 mg/kg) and shellfish (0.50-3.90 mg/kg). This difference was due to storage time and temperature. In general, fish and shellfish are sold live or in refrigerated form with shorter a shelf-life, but mollusks and crustaceans are distributed in cold or frozen systems with a longer shelf-life. Using food intake data from a report of the National Health and Nutrition Survey, the daily human exposure level to formaldehyde was 0.58% of the ADI. The results from this study might provide fundamental information to confirm naturally-originating or fraudulent formaldehyde treatment in fisheries products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.390-397
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• 2010

Residual solvents in foods are defined as organic volatile chemicals used or produced in manufacturing of extracts or additives, or functional foods. The solvents are not completely eliminated by practical manufacturing techniques and they also may become contaminated by solvents from packing, transportation or storage in warehouses. Because residual solvents have no nutritional value but may be hazardous to human health, there is a need to remove them from the final products or reduce their amounts to below acceptable levels. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an analytical method for the screening of residual solvents in health functional foods. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to constitute a reasonable management system based on the current state of the market and case studies of foreign countries. Eleven volatile solvents such as MeOH, EtOH, trichloroethylene and hexane were separated depending on their column properties, temp. and time using Gas Chromatography (GC). After determining the GC conditions, a sample preparation method using HSS (Head Space Sampling) was developed. From the results, a method for analyzing residual solvents in health functional foods was developed considering matrix effect and interference from the sample obtained from the solution of solvents-free health functional foods spiked with 11 standards solutions. Validation test using the developed GC/HSS/MS (Mass Spectrometry) method was followed by tests for precision, accuracy, recovery, linearity and adequate sensitivity. Finally, examination of 104 samples grouped in suits was performed by the developed HSS/GC/MS for screening the solvents. The 11 solvents were isolated from health functional foods based on vapor pressure difference, and followed by separation within 15 minutes in a single run. The limt of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and coefficient of variation (C.V.) of these compounds determined by the HSS/GC/MS were found to be 0.1 pg/mL, 0.1-125 pg/g, 51.0-104.6%, and less than 15%, respectively. Using the developed HSS/GC/MS method, residual solvent from 16 out of 104 health functional products were detected as a EtOH. This method therefore seems t o be a valuable extension ofanalytical method for the identification of residual solvents in health functional food.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2211-2220
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• 2017

Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and benzalkonium chloride (BZK) formulations are frequently used as antiseptics in healthcare and consumer products. Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) contamination of pharmaceutical products could be due to the use of contaminated water in the manufacturing process, over-diluted antiseptic solutions in the product, and the use of outdated products, which in turn reduces the antimicrobial activity of CHX and BZK. To establish a "afe use" period following opening containers of CHX and BZK, we measured the antimicrobial effects of CHX ($2-10{\mu}g/ml$) and BZK ($10-50{\mu}g/ml$) at sublethal concentrations on six strains of Burkholderia cenocepacia using chemical and microbiological assays. CHX (2, 4, and $10{\mu}g/ml$) and BZK (10, 20, and $50{\mu}g/ml$) stored for 42 days at $23^{\circ}C$ showed almost the same concentration and toxicity compared with freshly prepared CHX and BZK on B. cenocepacia strains. When $5{\mu}g/ml$ CHX and $20{\mu}g/ml$ BZK were spiked to six B. cenocepacia strains with different inoculum sizes ($10^0-10^5CFU/ml$), their toxic effects were not changed for 28 days. B. cenocepacia strains in diluted CHX and BZK were detectable at concentrations up to $10^2CFU/ml$ after incubation for 28 days at $23^{\circ}C$. Although abiotic and biotic changes in the toxicity of both antiseptics were not observed, our results indicate that B. cenocepacia strains could remain viable in CHX and BZK for 28 days, which in turn, indicates the importance of control measures to monitor BCC contamination in pharmaceutical products.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.795-799
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• 2006

Peptides, although high efficacy and specificity in their physiological function, usually have low therapeutical activities due to their poor bioavailability when administrated orally. Nanoparticles have been regarded as a useful vector for targeted drug delivery system because they can protect drug from being degraded quickly and pass the gastrointestinal barriers. Here we described a novel oral N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles formulation containing thymopentin (Tp5-TMC-NP). N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) was synthesized and then used to prepare Tp5-TMC-NP by ionotropic gelation. A three-factor, five-level CCD (Central Composite Design) design was used in the optimization procedure, with HPLC as the analyzing method. The resulting Tp5-TMC-NP had a regular spherical surface and a narrow particle size range with a mean diameter of 110.6 nm. The average entrapment efficiency was 78.8%. The lyophilized Tp5-TMC-NP formulation was stable in $4^{\circ}C\;or\;-20^{\circ}C$ after storage of 3 months without obvious changes in morphology, particle size, pH and entrapment ratio. The results of the flow cytometer determination showed that the ratio of $CD4^+/CD8^+$ of Wistar female rat given Tp5-TMC-NP (ig) was 2.59 time that of the group given Tp5 (ig).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 2020

For toxicological evaluation, water extracts and powder from Polygoni Multiflori Radix were made and the component analysis was followed by the Korean Pharmacopoeia method. To verify the stability of the water extract and powder from Polygoni Multiflori Radix used for toxic testing, the stability test was examined after storage at room temperature and in the cold room for one year. Water extract and powder from Polygoni Multiflori Radix were found to be stable for one year. Therefore, the use of the specimen of Polygoni Multiflori Radix after preparation during the animal test turned out to be stable.