• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

Purposes: It is very important to establish a clinical data warehouse based on a common data model to offset the different data characteristics of each medical institution and for drug surveillance. This study attempted to establish a clinical data warehouse for Dankook university hospital for drug surveillance, and to derive the main items necessary for development. Methodology/Approach: This study extracted the electronic medical record data of Dankook university hospital tracked for 9 years from 2013 (2013.01.01. to 2021.12.31) to build a clinical data warehouse. The extracted data was converted into the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model (Version 5.4). Data term mapping was performed using the electronic medical record data of Dankook university hospital and the standard term mapping guide. To verify the clinical data warehouse, the use of angiotensin receptor blockers and the incidence of liver toxicity were analyzed, and the results were compared with the analysis of hospital raw data. Findings: This study used a total of 670,933 data from electronic medical records for the Dankook university clinical data warehouse. Excluding the number of overlapping cases among the total number of cases, the target data was mapped into standard terms. Diagnosis (100% of total cases), drug (92.1%), and measurement (94.5%) were standardized. For treatment and surgery, the insurance EDI (electronic data interchange) code was used as it is. Extraction, conversion and loading were completed. R language-based conversion and loading software for the process was developed, and clinical data warehouse construction was completed through data verification. Practical Implications: In this study, a clinical data warehouse for Dankook university hospitals based on a common data model supporting drug surveillance research was established and verified. The results of this study provide guidelines for institutions that want to build a clinical data warehouse in the future by deriving key points necessary for building a clinical data warehouse.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2010

The present study was aimed at preparing microemulsion-based hydrogel (MBH) for the skin delivery of itraconazole. Microemulsion prepared with Transcutol as a surfactant, benzyl alcohol as an oil and the mixture of ethanol and phasphatidyl choline (3:2) as a cosurfactant were characterized by solubility, phase diagram, particle size. MBHs were prepared using 0.7 % of xanthan gum (F1-1) or carbopol 940 (F1-2) as gelling agents and characterized by viscosity studies. The in vitro permeation data obtained by using the Franz diffusion cells and hairless mouse skin showed that the optimized microemulsion (F1) consisting of itraconazole (1% w/w), benzyl alcohol (10% w/w), Transcutol (10% w/w) and the mixture of ethanol and phospahtidylcholine (3:2) (10% w/w) and water (49% w/w) showed significant difference in the flux (${\sim}1{\mu}g/cm^2/h$) with their corresponding MBHs (0.25-0.64 ${\mu}g/cm^2/h$). However, the in vitro skin drug content showed no significant difference between F1 and F1-1, while F1-2 showed significantly low skin drug content. The effect of the amount of drug loading (0.02, 1 and 1.5% w/w) on the optimized MBH (F1-2) showed that the permeation and skin drug content increased with higher drug loading (1.5%). The in vivo study of the optimized MBH (F1-2 with1.5% w/w drug loading) showed that this formulation could be used as a potential topical formulation for itraconazole.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1997

With the aim of improving periodontal regeneration efficacy, as a biodegradable local drug delivery device, drug releasing chitosan beads were prepared. Chitosan beads were prepared through the formation of intermolecular or intramolecular ionic interaction bewteen chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate and were loaded with flurbiprofen. The mean diameter of the beads was $250\;{\mu}m$. Drug loading efficiency was improved by regulating the pH of tripolyphosphate solution. The drug release kinetics mainly depended upon the hydrophobic properties of the flurbiprofen, that is, the release of flurbiprofen showed initial burst with rapid release for the first day followed by a levelling off of the release rate. However, the release rate could be controlled by the formulation factor including the pH, concentration of the tripolyphosphate solution, gelation time, drug contents. From these results, flurbiprofen loaded chitosan beads were anticipated as biodegradable local drug delivery devices for periodontal regeneneration.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.99-103
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• 1999

Self-Emulsifying System(SES), an isotropic mixture of oil and surfactant which forms oil-in-water emulsion, is expected to improve in vitro drug dissolution and enhance in vivo drug absorption. A poorly water soluble drug, ibu-profen(IBP) was incorporated into the SES to improve absorption, and enhance bioavailability of drug. Medium chain triglyceride, glyceryl tricaprylate(GTC) as an oil, and Tween 85 as a surfactant were used to formulate SES. To characterize SESs with various concentrations of Tween 85, the phase separation and solubility of IBP-SEDDS containing IBP as a function of Tween 85 concentration were conducted, and the particle size was measured using photon correlation spectroscopic method. The SES with optimal concentration of Tween 85(35%(w/w)) was selected based on its high drug loading, small particle size and low surfactant concentration. After an oral administration of IBP-SEDDS and IBP suspension in methyl cellulose equivalent to 40.0 mg/kg to rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared. The $C_{max}(163.17\;vs\;88.82\;{\mu}g/ml)$, $AUC(12897.01\;vs\;8751.13\;{\mu}g\;min/ml)$ and Bioavailability(86.44 vs 58.65%) significantly increased but $T_max(10\;vs\;20\;min)$ was significantly advanced. The current SEDDS containing IBP provide an alternative to improve an oral bio-availability of IBP.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1179-1186
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• 2006

Cross-linked starch microspheres were prepared using different kinds of cross-linking agents. The influence of several parameters on morphology, size, swelling ratio and drug release rate from these microspheres were evaluated. These parameters included cross-linker type, concentration and the duration of cross-linking reaction. Microspheres cross-linked with glutaraldehyde had smooth surface compared with those prepared with epichlorhydrine or formaldehyde. The particle size increased with increasing the cross-linking time and increasing the drug loading. Swelling ratio of the particles was a function of cross-linker type but not the concentration or time of cross-linking. Drug release from starch microspheres was measured in phosphate buffer and also in phosphate buffer containing a-amylase. Results showed that microspheres cross-linked with epichlorhydrine released all their drug content in the first 30 minutes. However, cross-linking of the starch microspheres with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde decreased drug release rate. SEM and drug release studies showed that cross-linked starch microspheres were susceptible to the enzymatic degradation under the influence of alpha-amylase. Changing the enzyme concentration from 5000 to 10,000 IU/L, increased drug release rate but higher concentration of enzyme (20,000 IU/L) caused no more acceleration.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.251-256
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• 1994

Polypropylene glycol (M.W. 4000) was crosslinked and chain-extended by using triisocyanate and diisocyanate to synthesize rubbery and water swellable hydrogels. Model drugs, i.e., sodium salicylate and indomethacin were incorporated in the polymer matrices by swelling loading. The drug release rates of drugs could be regulated by varying the degrees of crosslinking and chain-extension. Whereas, no correlation was observed between the drug release profiles and the swelling behaviours of the matrices. The release of drugs from the matrices was considered to be governed by the mobility and mesh size of the polymer chains in the matrices.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.464-468
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• 2009

Gelatin nanoparticles derived from bovine or porcine have been developed as various types of drug delivery system, and they need to be cross-linked to maintain their physicochemical properties in aqueous environments. Although gelatin is a widely used material in pharmaceutical industries, the safety issue of animal-origin gelatins, such as transmissible mad cow disease and anaphylaxis, remains to be solved. The purpose of this study was to prepare type A gelatin (GA) nanoparticles by modified, two-step, desolvation method and compare the toxicity of the resulting GA nanoparticles with recombinant human gelatin (rHG) nanoparticles. The GA nanoparticles were characterized, and drug loading and release pattern were measured. FITC-BSA, a model protein, was efficiently loaded in the nanoparticles and then released in a biphasic and sustained release pattern without an initial burst. In particular, the cell viability of the GA nanoparticles was less than that of the rHG nanoparticles. This finding suggests that rHG nanoparticles should be considered as an alternative to animal-origin gelatin nanoparticles in order to minimize the safety problems.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.418-423
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• 2008

Poly[(R)-3-hydroxy butyrate] (PHB) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) were conjugated by the transesterification reaction with tin(II)-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)-II) as a catalyst. Hydrophobic PHB and hydrophilic mPEG formed an amphiphilic block copolymer which was formed with the self-assembled polymeric micelle in aqueous solution. In this study, we tried to determine the optimum ratio of hydrophobic/hydrophilic segments for controlled drug delivery. The particle size and shape of the polymeric micelle were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their size were 61-102 nm with various block ratios. Griseofulvin was loaded in the polymeric micelle as a hydrophobic model drug. The loading efficiency and release profile were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The model drug in our system was constantly released for 48 h.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.1333-1336
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• 2014

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts have been used as vascular access for many patients suffering from end stage renal disease. However, the vascular graft can cause significant clinical problems such as stenosis or thrombosis. For this reason, many studies have been performed to make drug eluting graft, but initial burst is major problem in almost drug eluting systems. Therefore we used biodegradable polymer to reduce initial burst and make sustained drug delivery. The ePTFE grafts were dipped into a paclitaxel-dissolved solution and then PLGA-dissolved solution was passed through the lumen of ePTFE. We analyzed whether the dose of paclitaxel is enough and the loading amount of PLGA on ePTFE graft increases according to the coating solution's concentration. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of various concentration of PLGA showed that the porous surface of graft was more packed with PLGA by tetrahydrofuran solution dissolved PLGA. In addition, in vitro release profiles of Ptx-PLGA graft demonstrated that early burst was gradually decreased as increasing the concentration of PLGA. These results suggest that PLGA coating of Ptx loaded graft can retard drug release, it is useful tool to control drug release of medical devices.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.437-443
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• 2009

To develop a topical bioadhesive formulation of clotrimazole for enhanced transdermal delivery, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel containing permeation enhancer was formulated and permeation studies were carried out. The release characteristics of the drug from the gel formulation were examined according to the receptor medium, drug concentration, and temperature. The rate of drug release from the gel increased with increasing drug concentration and temperature. The activation energy (Ea) of drug permeation, which was calculated from the slope of log P versus 1/T plots, was 14.41kcal/mol for a 1%(w/w) loading dose. The enhancer, such as saturated, unsaturated fatty acids, pyrrolidones, propylene glycol derivatives, glycerides, and non-ionic surfactants, were incorporated onto the gels to increase the amount of drug permeation into the skin. Among the enhancers used, polyoxyethylene 2-oleyl ether showed the highest level of enhancement. These results show that clotrimazole gels containing polyoxyethylene 2-oleyl ether could be used for the enhanced transdermal delivery of clotrimazole.