• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1999

To find out proper harvest time and to select a variety having high yield and good quality, growth characteristics and contents of rosmarinic acid and essential oil were investigated according to harvest time of Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze collected in Korea. Only the number of flower cluster per plant among growth characteristics of 7 collections showed not significant difference. The range of dry matter weight of above-ground part used as crude drug was $666{\sim} 1328kg/10a$ and the weight of flower cluster and root was not significant among the plant parts of collections. Dry matter weight of top was the highest on Sep. 20, full-bloom stage. Rosmarinic acid contents among in 7 collections showed significant difference and the range were $0.32{\sim}2.34%$ in flower, $0.97{\sim}1.64%$ in leaf, $0.03{\sim}0.21%$ in stem and $0.91{\sim}6.56%$ in root. The contents of rosmarinic acid and essential oil in leaf was 3.76%, 5.78% before flowering and 1.55%, 4.28% after flowering respectively. The total content of rosmarinic acid of all plant parts was decreased after flowering but that of essential oil was increased after flowering.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8503-8512
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed explanation of the mechanism of bisanthracycline, WP 631 in comparison to doxorubicin (DOX), a first generation anthracycline, currently the most widely used pharmaceutical in clinical oncology. Experiments were performed in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells which are otherwise resistant to standard drugs such as cis-platinum and adriamycin. As attention was focused on the ability of WP 631 to induce apoptosis, this was examined using a double staining method with Annexin V and propidium iodide probes, with measurement of the level of intracellular calcium ions and cytosolic cytochrome c. The western blotting technique was performed to confirm PARP cleavage. We also investigated the involvement of caspase activation and DNA degradation (comet assay and immunocytochemical detection of phosphorylated H2AX histones) in the development of apoptotic events. WP 631 demonstrated significantly higher effectiveness as a pro-apoptotic drug than DOX. This was evident in the higher levels of markers of apoptosis, such as the externalization of phosphatidylserine and the elevated level of cytochrome c. An extension of incubation time led to an increase in intracellular calcium levels after treatment with DOX. Lower changes in the calcium content were associated with the influence of WP 631. DOX led to the activation of all tested caspases, 8, 9 and 3, whereas WP 631 only induced an increase in caspase 8 activity after 24h of treatment and consequently led to the cleavage of PARP. The lack of active caspase 3 had no outcome on the single and double-stranded DNA breaks. The obtained results show that WP 631 was considerably more genotoxic towards the investigated cell line than DOX. This effect was especially visible after longer times of incubation. The above detailed studies indicate that WP 631 generates early apoptosis and cell death independent of caspase-3, detected at relatively late time points. The observed differences in the mechanisms of the action of WP631 and DOX suggest that this bisanthracycline can be an effective alternative in ovarian cancer treatment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.348-357
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to examine the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in the soil and the level of heavy metals in the blood or urine of 216 local residents living near abandoned metal mines. Methods: Residents around abandoned metal mines were interviewed about their dietary habits, including seafood consumption, medical history, cigarette smoking, and drug history. Metal concentrations in the soil were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-7000, Shimadzu, Japan). Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contents in the blood or urine were analyzed by GF-AAS (AA-6800, Shimadzu). Mercury (Hg) contents in the blood were determined by means of a mercury analyzer (SP-3DS, NIC). Arsenic (As) content in the soil and urine were measured by a HG-AAS (hydride vapor generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Results: The heavy metal concentrations in the soil showed a log normal distribution and the geometric means of the four villages were 8.61 mg/kg for Pb, 0.19 mg/kg for Cd, 1.81 mg/kg for As and 0.035 mg/kg for Hg. The heavy metal levels of the 216 local residents showed a regular distribution for Pb, Cd, Hg in the blood and As in the urine. The arithmetic means were 3.37 ${\mu}g$/dl for Pb, 3.07 ${\mu}g$/l for Cd and 2.32 ${\mu}g$/l for Hg, 10.41 ${\mu}g$/l for As, respectively. Conclusions: As a result of multi-variate analysis for the affecting factors on the bodily heavy metal concentrations, gender and concentration in the soil (each, p<0.01) for blood lead levels; gender and smoking status (each, p<0.01) for blood cadmium levels; gender (p<0.01) for urine arsenic levels; gender, age and concentration in the soil (p<0.01) for blood mercury levels were shown to be the affecting factors.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.116-132
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• 1997

The purpose of the study is to find out how laws related to the nursing profession can be improved by analyzing the rules and regulations concerning nursing. Furthermore, to help settle legal matters in the process of doing nursing work. The data used for the study are the Health and Medical Act, the Maternal and Child Health Act, the School Health Act, the Special Act for Health and Medical Service in Rural Areas, the Industrial Health & Safety Act and the Notice on Nursing Professional Courses analyzed by age and content. The results of the study are as follows : First, basic nursing practice includes 'nursing care for recuperation and assistance in medical treatment and in special areas including the pre-vention of disease, maintenance of health, control of environment, and other therapeutic activities. It is suggested that the phrase 'assistance in medical treatment' should be eliminated as it limits the basic nursing practice to the assistance of the medical treatment. Second, Article 56 of the Health & Medical Act prescribes a special nurse but it does not prescribe a specific job. Accordingly, the new provison concerning the specific jobs of a special nurse should be added or a job guide should be inseated. Third, it is prescribed that those who have completed the training course after obtaining a license are qualified to be a midwife, a special nurse and a nurse practitioner working in special areas. However, school nurses, occupational health nurses and maternal and health workers are required to obtain a nurse license, but not to take an additional training course. Nurses working in special areas should be legally recognized as nurse specialists. The regulations to control various qualification standards consistently should be established. Fourth, the qualifications and types of nurses by area prescribed by Article 54 of the Health and Medical Act are not consistent with those of special nurses as recognized by affiliated organizations of the Korean Nurse Association and some hospitals. Accordingly, the qualifications and types of special nurses should be adjusted in consideration of special nurses. Fifth, as Article 16, Paragraph 2 of the Health and Medical Act does not prescribe the type and scope of first - aid treatment that nurses can provide, the first-aid treatment of nurses might be considered as an unlicensed practice. The specific regulations regarding these matters should be established. Sixth, the contents of the nursing record, which are prescribed by Article 21 of the Health and Medical Act as a duty, include 1) matters concerning body temperature, pulse, breath and blood pressure 2) matters concerning drug prescription 3) matters concerning input and output 4) matters concerning the treatment and nursing care (Article 17 of the Enforcement Regulations, Health and Medical Act). However, these matters are limited to basic nursing care and assistance in medical treatment. The new recording methods on nursing process are suggested to be adopted legally. Seventh, the prescription right entrusted to nurses which are prescribed by the School Health Act, the Special Act on Health and Medical Service for Rural Areas, and the Industrial Health and Safety Act are not consistent with the rights of nurses as prescribed by the Health and Medical Act. New regulations prescribing the partial right for medical treatment entrusted to nurses in consideration of the restraint of time and place in emergency situations should be established.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

This research investigated the effect of different onggi containers (Korean earthenware) on the ripening of kochujang (Korean hot pepper paste). The physical characteristics of 'onggi', were evaluated as function of manufacturing variables such as raw material soils (onggi-specific soil, red brown soil, and fine powdered soil) and galzing treatments. The physical properties were then related to the compositional quality changes of the kochujang fermented at $30^{\circ}C$ for 4 months. The porosity of the onggi containers seems to be increased by the content of finer raw soil rather than the chemical component of soil (amount of CaO, MgO, $K_2O$ and $Na_2O$, acting as melting aid in the firing). Natural glaze was measured to contain higher contents of CaO, MgO, $K_2O$ and $Na_2O$ than the other soils, which is desirable property for the fired onggi. The glazed surface showed higher far-infrared radiation emissivity than the non-glazed part. The kochujang fermented in P0-BG (the glazed onggi from 100 % onggi soil) attained higher concentration of reducing sugar, amino nitrogen and nucleotides compared to those in the other onggis. All of these changes of kochujang in P0-BG resulted in significantly better sensory quality than the other treatments.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.4
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• pp.127-157
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• 1990

Geum-Won dynasty is the era which totalized the every medical attainments of before Song dynasty and appeared some medical practioners who found new medical theory based upon this, and is important time for various developments of the oriental medical theory. At this time of the era, the representative practioners are called the four noted physician of Geum-Won dynasty. Jang Won-So who influenced the formation of the theory of the four noted physcian of Geum-Won dynasty, originated new theory by joining the theory of "Nae-Gyung" with his own medical experience. The results can be summarized as follows after studying his life and idea of medicine. 1. Jang Won-So, courtesy name is Gyeol-Go, came from Yeog-Joo and it is unknown that when he was born and dead, but he lived in 11C. At 27, after failed in a Jin-Sa examination, he started medical study, and widely spreaded his medical art by healing the Yoo Wan-So's Sang-Han disease. 2. There are many Jang Won-So's writings, such as "Eui-Hag-Gye-Won" which is the condensation of his idea of medicine, "Jin-Joo-Nang" which is greatly contributed to development of Herbology, "Jang-Boo-Pyo-Bon-Han-Yeol-Heo-Sil-Yong-Yag-Sig" which is the sample of Jang-Boo-Byun-Jeung-Lon-Chi, and "Yag-Joo-Nan-Gyung" "Gyeol-Go-Ga-Jin" "Gyeol-Go-Joo-Sug-Hwa-Mag-Gyeol" "Gyeol-Go-Bon-Cho" "San-Yog-Bo-Sang-Bang" which are known do not existing. 3. Jang Won-So's study about Jang-Boo-Byun-Jeung was influenced by "Nae-Gyung" "Jung-Jang-Gyung" "So-A-Yag-Jeung-Jig-Gyeol" etc. and outline by Han-Yeol-Heo-Sil and the change and prognosis of the state of disease can be decided by Saeng-Sa-Yeog-Soon, so he contribute to development of lang-Boo-Byun-Jeung-Lon-Chi of posterity. 4. Jang Won-So succeeded and develope the theory of the herbs of Oh-Jang-Go-Yog-Bo-Sa and about Ki-Mi-Seung-Gang-Boo-Chim etc. appeared on "Nae-Gyung", especially invented such as Kwi-Gyung-Lon, In-Gyeung-Bo-Sa-Seol, Jang Boo-Pyo-Bon-Yag-Sig and he enriched the content of pharmacological theory, so he motivated various development of herbalogical theory. 5. Jang Won-So's idea of On-Yang-Bi-Wi directly influence Lee Go's assertion of Bi-Wi-Lon, idea of Go-Geum-I-Gue-Seol presented theological basis of posterior medical practioners formation of prescription, so the way of drug usage greatly developed. 6. Jang Won-So's theory of the lang-Boo-Byun-Jeung and herbology directly influenced to Lee Go, Wang Ho-Go, Na Chen-Ik, lang Byeok etc. so he became the father of Yeog-Soo class and indirectly influenced to Seol Gi, Jo Hen-Ga, lang Gae-Bin, Lee Jung-Jae etc. of Myeng dynasty, so the On-Bo class has been formed. Like this, because, his idea of medicine developed at various aspect and greatly influenced to posterity, Lee Si-Jin said "Since the emergency of "Nae-Gyung", Jang Won-So is the only man who greatly enhance medical principle.", so it is clear that this is not unfounded expression at all.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.147-163
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• 2009

This study was attempted in order to look into 'Assist work' as to Implant system which dental hygienists perform in a clinical field. Subjects of this research were 362 dental hygienists who work at general hospital, University hospital, dental hospital, and dental clinics located in Seoul, Kyeong-gi, In-chon, and Jeon-buk area. As to research tool, we produced questionnaire which was comprised of the total 25 items regarding 3 of general features (age, career of dental hygienist, and personality), 6 of implant system assist work, 3 of Informed consent before surgery, 6 of preoperative preparation and maintenance related business, and 7 items related to postoperative maintenance. By using SPSS program, collected data was analyzed. Results of analysis in this study were as follow; 1. As to implant related education, dental hygienists' experience of education was high as 77.7%, and the people who is needed more education was 86.3%. Consequently, dental hygienists' concern about the implant related education was very high. 2. It was observed that most of informed consent making approvement by announcement to the surgical operation was made by dental hygienist before implant as 95%. 3. Over 80% of dental hygienists performed acquisition of cleanliness technology, motivation, back up articles preparation, treatment area arrangement, and etc. which we can check by preoperative maintenance items. In particular, response about the motivation was very high as more than 90%. 4. When performing an operation, in the case of disinfecting finger was low for 53.9% and the method was mainly washing with drug solution, and gown sterilization was performed only in 52.2%. Therefore education regarding disinfection was urgently needed. 5. Significance of education could be known that answers of hygienists experienced education appeared highly in items of maintenance method and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 6. In case that assist work were 21cases or greater, agitation measurement was the most many performed in 68.9% and difference was showed up significantly(p<0.001). 7. Evaluation about periodontal tissue was high in dental hygienists who had experienced education and also there was statistically significant difference. In conclusion, assist work of dental hygienists was very comprehensive when implant surgery was performed, and all of items excluding hand disinfection or gown disinfection were highly showed up in most of hygienists. However, since there is the limit that we didn't investigate the quality of performing contents. It is considered that further study regarding the content has to be progressed for supporting this result in the future.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.691-698
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• 2013

The biological activities of Smilax china L. rhizome (SCR), hot water (SCRW) and 70% ethanol extract (SCRE) were analyzed. The total phenolic contents of SCRW and SCRE were 51.7 and 100.5 mg/g, respectively. The measured flavonoid content of SCRW ($67.7{\mu}g/g$) was almost double that of SCRE ($31.7{\mu}g/g$). SCRE ($IC_{50}=42.4{\mu}g/mL$) exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in the DPPH system than the positive control ${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($71.3{\mu}g/mL$) or butylated hydroxy anisole ($53.8{\mu}g/mL$) did. SCRE ($IC_{50}=50.3{\mu}g/mL$) also showed stronger ABTS radical scavenging activity, as did ${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($67.1{\mu}g/mL$). The SOD-like activity and Tyrosinase inhibition activity of SCRW and SCRE showed almost the same pattern. The best SOD-like activity and tyrosinase inhibition activity were measured as 24.9% and 20.3% in SCRW at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the SCR extracts were analyzed via MTT assay on human cancer and normal cells. SCRW and SCRE did not show cytotoxicity up to the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ against the normal human cell line HEK293. Against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), SCRW inhibited MCF-7 growth (by 27.6%) better than the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (15.5%) at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. SCRE ($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited the growth of human lung cancer cells A549 (37.6%) and human stomach cancer cells AGS (53.6%) more effective than did SCRW (21.0% and 35.4%) or CPA (22.2% and 31.7%). These results suggest the potential use of SCRE and SCRW as an excellent antioxidant and antiproliferative substance, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.593-599
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of superheated steam (SHS) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) techniques on the improvement of the quality of Bulgogi product during manufacturing process. Bulgogi product was treated with four different cooking/treatment process: conventional cooking (CC), SHS cooking (SHS), CC and then HHP cooking (CC-HHP), and SHS and HHP cooking (SHS-HHP) samples. SHS treated product increased moisture content, and decreased crude protein. Additionally, hardness, gumminess and shear force values were significantly different among the samples (p<0.05). In safety experiment after 14 days of storage at refrigeration temperature indicated that the bacterial population was lower in the case of SHS-HHP as compared to CC-HHP. Changes in texture during the storage periods at $10^{\circ}C$ for SHS-HHP was lowest values with compared to the initial, while shear force values for both tended to decrease with increasing storage period. The TBA and VBN values for SHS-HHP increased to 0.48 ($5^{\circ}C$)-1.68 ($10^{\circ}C$) mg MD/kg and 25.14 ($5^{\circ}C$)-45.14 ($10^{\circ}C$) mg%, respectively after 15 days of storage. Overall, it was found that the combination of SHS and HHP reduced microbial growth, thus leading to improved product quality and sanitation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.103-120
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• 2005

During the 1970s, concern arose that cured meats contained high levels of residual nitrite and preformed nitrosamines. Therefore, the search for alternatives and alternative approaches to the use of nitrite have been still continued, however no complete alternative for nitrite has yet been identified. Recently, it was publicized in Korea that nitrite-containing meat products would be detrimental to health, about which consumers have been seriously concerned. Therefore, this study was carried out to inform the consumer of the safety status of nitrite and thereby to lead proper consumption of meat products. For assessing the safety of nitrite, data regarding the regulation for use, metabolism in human body, and dietary intake amounts of nitrite were collected and analyzed. The mean intake level of nitrite for Korean per capita was recently reported to be not more than 1% of ADI set by JECFA. On the contrary, a calculation indicated that the daily nitrite intake per capita from saliva by ingestion of vegetables in Korea would be about 300-fold higher than that from cured meats. In consideration of the low consumption amount of meat products per capita of Korean, that is, at least one fifth, compared to European and American, there is no particular reason to concern about the impairment of health by nitrite intake from meat products for Korean. However, any effort for the reduction of residual nitrite content in cured meats should be given with an idea to minimize the intake of nitrite even from the minor source.