• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.10-26
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• 2019

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is an emerging new technology with considerable potential to treat various neurological diseases. With refinement of ultrasound transducer technology and integration with magnetic resonance imaging guidance, transcranial sonication of precise cerebral targets has become a therapeutic option. Intensity is a key determinant of ultrasound effects. High-intensity focused ultrasound can produce targeted lesions via thermal ablation of tissue. MRgFUS-mediated stereotactic ablation is non-invasive, incision-free, and confers immediate therapeutic effects. Since the US Food and Drug Administration approval of MRgFUS in 2016 for unilateral thalamotomy in medication-refractory essential tremor, studies on novel indications such as Parkinson's disease, psychiatric disease, and brain tumors are underway. MRgFUS is also used in the context of blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening at low intensities, in combination with intravenously-administered microbubbles. Preclinical studies show that MRgFUS-mediated BBB opening safely enhances the delivery of targeted chemotherapeutic agents to the brain and improves tumor control as well as survival. In addition, BBB opening has been shown to activate the innate immune system in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid plaque clearance and promotion of neurogenesis in these studies suggest that MRgFUS-mediated BBB opening may be a new paradigm for neurodegenerative disease treatment in the future. Here, we review the current status of preclinical and clinical trials of MRgFUS-mediated thermal ablation and BBB opening, described their mechanisms of action, and discuss future prospects.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2022

Immersed boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method (IB-LBM) is used for the analysis of flow over the circular cylinder in the concept of fluid-structure interaction analysis (FSI). Recently, IB-LBM has shown the enormous possibility for the application of various biomedical engineering fields, such as the movement of a human body or the behavior of the blood cells and/or particle-based drug delivery system in blood vessels. In order for the numerical analysis of the interaction between fluid and solid object, immersed boundary method and lattice Boltzmann method are coupled to analyze the flow over a cylinder for low Reynolds laminar flow (Re=10, 20, 40 and 100) with Zhu-He boundary condition at the boundary. With the developed IB-LBM, the flow around the cylinder in the uniform flow is analyzed for the laminar flow and the drag and lift coefficients and recirculation length are compared to the previous results.

• 센서학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.357-369
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• 2023

Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process, making the accurate and timely assessment of skin wounds a crucial aspect of effective wound care management, especially for chronic wounds. Unlike conventional wound dressings that simply cover the wound area once some form of medicine is administered onto the wound, recent studies have introduced versatile approaches to smart wound dressings capable of interacting with wound fluids to monitor physicochemical and pathological parameters to determine the wound healing status. Such electrochemical wound dressings can be integrated with on-demand, closed-loop drug delivery or stimulation systems and ultimately expanded into an ideal technological platform for the prevention, treatment, and management of skin wounds or illnesses. This article briefly reviews the wound healing mechanism and recent strategies for effective wound care management. Specifically, this review discusses the following aspects of smart wound dressings: sensor-integrated smart bandages to detect wound biomarkers, smart bandages developed to accelerate wound healing, and wireless, closed-loop automatic (on-demand) wound healing systems. This review concludes by providing future perspectives on effective wound care management.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.694-705
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• 2023

Panax ginseng Meyer is a traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used as tonic in Asia. The main pharmacologically active components of ginseng are the dammarane-type ginsenosides, which have been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and metabolic regulatory activities. Moreover, some of ginsenosides (eg, Rh2 and Rg3) have been developed into nutraceuticals. However, the utilization of ginsenosides in clinic is restrictive due to poor permeability in cells and low bioavailability in human body. Obviously, the dammarane skeleton and glycosyls of ginsenosides are responsible for these limitations. Therefore, improving the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides has become a pressing issue. Here, based on the structures of ginsenosides, we summarized the understanding of the factors affecting the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, introduced the methods to enhance the oral bioavailability and proposed the future perspectives on improving the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.131-135
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• 2023

레시틴은 양친매성 분자로 유기용매상에서 구형의 역 마이셀로 자가조립된다. 이러한 레시틴 용액에 담즙염, 물 등과 같은 첨가제가 들어갈 경우 레시틴의 분자 형태의 구조 변화를 유도하여 역 실린더형 마이셀로의 변환을 이끈다. 이번 연구에서는, 데케인 상에서 레시틴/담즙염 혼합물에 물을 첨가한 후, 유동계를 활용하여 혼합물의 유변학적 변화를 관찰한다. 이렇게 제조된 혼합물들은 점도가 높고 점탄성의 특징을 나타내어 약물전달, 식품젤 등의 다양한 분야에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2004

목적: 약물이나 유전자 전달에 이용되는 생체적합성이 높은 키토산의 간세포 지향성을 위해서 갈락토스를 수식하는 방법이 널리 이용되어지고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 갈락토스 수식 키토산의 간세포지향성 획득을 평가하는데 있어서 핵의학 영상법의 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 키토산에 NHS와 EDC를 이용하여 30 mol%의 lactobionic acid를 결합시켜 갈락토스 수식 키토산을 제조하였다. 얻어진 갈락토스 수식 키토산을 투석 시킨 후 동결 건조하여 얻어 낸 다음 키토산의 기본구조인 glucoseamine에 methyl기를 첨가시키는 반응을 하여 최종화합물을 합성하였다. GMC의 세포내 독성은 MTT assay를 통하여 확인하였다. 제조된 GMC에 $SnCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$를 이용하여 $^{99m}Tc$을 표지하였다. 표지 후 안정성은 아세톤과 생리식염수를 이용하여 1시간까지 확인하였다. $^{99m}Tc$-GMC와 $^{99m}Tc$-MC 55.5 MBq (1.5 mCi)를 토끼의 외이정맥으로 주사 후, 감마카메라를 이용하여 10분, 30분, 60분, 90분 간격으로 전면 영상을 얻었다. 결과: 키토산에 lactobionic acid 30 mol%를 반응시켜 7.4 mol%의 galactose group이 키토산에 결합한 것을 확인하였다. 갈락토스 수식 키토산을 메틸화한 결과는 tri, di, mono가 각각 8.8%, 46%, 35.2%인 것을 확인하였다. MTT assay결과를 통해 GMC의 세포에 미치는 독성은 거의 없는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 표지 효율은 메틸화시키지 않은 $^{99m}Tc$-GC가 아세톤과 생리식염수에서 각각 88%, 72%를 보인 반면에 $^{99m}Tc$-GMC는 96%정도를 보여 보다 높은 표지효율을 가지는 것을 확인하였다. $^{99m}Tc$-MC를 주사후 얻은 토끼 영상에서 키토산은 일반적으로 대부분 신장을 통해 배출되며, 간과 비장, 골격계에는 매우 적은 분포를 보이는데 비해. 갈락토스가 수식된 $^{99m}Tc$-GMC에서는 분포에 변화가 생겨 간, 신장, 그리고 방광에서 높은 방사능이 관찰되는 소견을 보였다. 결론: 핵의학 영상법은 갈락토스 리간드 수식 키토산의 간세포 지향성 여부를 평가하기 위한 생체내 평가법으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1990

1. Background Women's health and their involvement in health care are essential to health for everyone. If they are ignorant, malnourished or over-worked, the health &-their families as well as their own health will suffer. Women's health depends on broad considerations beyond medicine. Among other things, it depends upon their work in farming. their subordination to their families, their accepted roles, and poor hygiene with poorly equipped housing and environmental sanitation. 2. Objectives and Contents a. The health status of rural women : physical and mental complaints, experience of pesticides intoxication, Farmer's syndrome, experiences of reproductive health problems. b. participation in and attitudes towards housework and farming c. accessibility of medical care d. status of maternal health : fertility, family planning practice. induced abortion, and maternal care 3. Research method A nationwide field survey, based on stratified random sampling, was conducted during July, 1986. Revised Cornell Medical index(68 out of 195 items). Kawagai's Farmers Syndrome Scale, and self-developed structured questionnaires were used to rural farming wives(n=2.028). aged between 26-55. 4. Characteristics of the respondents mean age : 40.2 marital status : 90.8% married mean no. of household : 4.9 average years of education : 4.7 yrs. average income of household : \235,000 average years of residence in rural area : 36.4 yrs average Working hours(household and farming) : 11 hrs. 23 min 5. Health Status of rural women a. The average number of physical and mental symptoms were 12.4, 4.7, and the rate of complaints were 22.1%, 38.8% each. revealing complaints of mental symptomes higher than physical ones. b. 65.4% of rural women complained of more than 4 symptoms out of 9, indicating farmer's syndrome. 11.9 % experienced pesticide overdue syndrome c. 57.6% of respondents experienced women-specific health problems. d. Age and education of respondents were the variables which affect on the level of their health 6. Utilization of medical services a. The number of symptoms and complaints of respondents were dependent on the distance to where the health-care service is given b. Drug store was the most commonly utilized due to low price and the distance to reach. while nurse practitioners were well utilized when there were nurse practitioner's office in their villages. c. Rural women were internalized their subordination to husbands and children, revealing they are positive(93%) in health-care demand for-them but negative(30%) for themselves d. 33.0% of respondents were habitual drug users, 4.5% were smokers and 32.3% were alcohol drinkers. and 86.3% experienced induced-abortion. But most of them(77.6%) knew that those had negative effects on health. 7. Maternal Health Care a. Practice rate of contraception was 48.1% : female users were 90.9% in permanent and 89.6% in temporary contraception b. Induced abortions were taken mostly at hospital(86.3%), while health centers(4.7%), midwiferies(4.3%). and others(4.5%) including drug stores were listed a few. The repeated numbers of induced abortion seemed affected on the increasing numbers of symptoms and complaints. c. The first pre-natal check-up during first trimester was 41.8%, safe delivery rate was 15.6%, post-natal check-up during two months after delivery. Rural women had no enough rest after delivery revealing average days of rest from home work and farming 8.3 and 17.2. d. 86.6% practised breast feeding, showing younger and more educated mothers depending on artificial milk 8. Recommendations a. To lessen the multiple role over burden housing and sanitary conditions should be improved, and are needed farming machiner es for women and training on the use of them b. Health education should begin at primary school including health behavior and living environment. c. Women should be encouraged to become policy-makers as well as administrators in the field of women specific health affairs. d. Women's health indicators should be developed and women's health surveillance system too.

• 병원약사회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.441-452
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• 2018

Background : The prevalence of the chronic metabolic disease is increasing due to the aging society. Therefore, Korean Society of Health-system Pharmacists (KSHP) has a specialty pharmacist system to improve the professionalism of pharmacists. The purpose of this study is to suggest the difference between specialty pharmacist and non-specialty pharmacist with regards to their knowledge, delivery of information on medication, service provision, and job satisfaction. Methods : An online survey research was conducted for hospital pharmacists. The reliability of the questionnaire items was presented using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ test. The t-test or ANOVA analysis was used for evaluating differences in continuous variables. Results : A total of 171 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire, and 87.7% of the respondents were aged less than 30 years (76.6%) and four-year graduates (86.0%). Typically, 108 (63.2%) were candidates for the pharmacist's specialty certificate, and the remaining 63 (36.8%) were not enrolled. Considering the field of specialty with overlapping, the total number of certificated patients was 140 (26.3% of the total of 532 in 2016). The results of the reliability analysis of the specific questionnaire showed that the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ value was over 0.78. There was no significant difference in customer directionality between the two groups. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) with respect to overall knowledge about the treatment process, drug efficacy, and side effects, information about medicines and adverse drug reactions, and in providing appropriate information to medical staff including patients and physicians. Conclusions : The pharmacist with specialization showed a positive result of self-evaluation of items such as knowledge about drugs, communication of information on medications, and service provision, compared to other pharmacists, and the result was in correlation with the numbers of specialization. There was no difference in job satisfaction related to working environment. Henceforth, it is hypothesized that there is a necessity for continuous improvement in the working environment to suit the purpose of the pharmacy specialist system.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2010

일반적으로 약물은 경구투여를 우선으로 한다. 그것은 환자에게 투여하기가 가장 쉬운 방법이기 때문이다. 하지만 경구투여를 하는 경우 인체에서 약물이 분해 및 흡수되면서 거치는 과정 중에 상당수가 없어지고 약효를 발휘하는 부분은 그다지 많지 않다. 그러다 보니 적절한 혈중 농도를 유지하기 위하여 실제 필요한 약물의 양보다 많은 양을 투여하게 되므로, 부수적으로 따라다니는 약의 부작용 또한 증가하게 된다. 피부질환의 경우에는 약물의 흡수를 돕도록 하는 많은 첨가물과 함께 개발된 외용제가 있다. 대부분 크림형태로 시판되고 있으며 약효를 내는 용량을 피부에 도포하였을 때 전신으로 흡수되는 양은 많지 않아 부작용이 적은 것이 장점이다. 구강점막은 자연적인 barrier가 많은 피부와 달리 혈관까지 도달하는 길이가 짧고, 도포가 어려운 장점막과 달리 접근성이 용이하다. 따라서 도포용 약물의 개발이 많이 시도되고 있으나 타액에 의해 많은 부분이 세척되어 없어지거나 타액속의 물질들로 인하여 변질이 일어나고 있어 피부와 같은 크림형 제제의 개발이 어려운 실정이다. 따라서 현재 판매되고 있는 구강내 외용제는 그 수가 매우 제한되어 있다. 도포용 약물을 개발하여 오래 구강점막에 부착하게 하는 것이 용이하지 않으므로 임상가들이 약물을 용액 형태로 사용하여 환자에게 도포하고 있다. 이러한 용액을 머금고 있다가 뱉어내게 하는 가글형태의 약물도포 또한 그 약효가 인정되고 있다. 따라서 현재 임상에서 도포형태로 사용하고 있는 약물의 종류와 효과, 그리고 일반적인 경구투여 약물을 적절한 용해제를 선택하여 용액으로 사용하였을 때 임상적으로 기대할 만한 약효를 발휘할 수 있을지에 대하여 연구해 본다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2004

콜로이드와 계면화학은 표면적과 표면에너지의 학문이다. 계면상의 위치에 따라서 분자밀도, 분자간의 상호작용력, 분자 배향성 그리고 반응성이 달라진다는 것은 흥미있는 주제가 되고 있다. 이러한 계면에너지가 중요하게 작용하는 시스템으로서 회합체, 에멀젼, 입자분산, 거품, 2차원적 표면이나 필름을 들 수 있다. 특히 나노 입자에 관련된 생체 적합성 재료를 사용하여 약물 전달체와 화장품 나노 소재로 이용하는데 관심이 고조되고 있다. 나노 입자는 수 nm에서 수백 nm 크기를 갖는, 넓은 표면적을 가진 콜로이드 상의 불균일 분산 입자의 일종이다. 지금까지 나노 입자의 제조, 특성 규명, 나노입자를 이용한 약물 봉입에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어져 약물 전달체로서의 가능성이 충분히 입증되었다. 또한 난용성분 가용화 나노소재, 피부 흡수 증진용 나노소재, 자외선 차단용 나노소재, 안정화용 나노소재, 서방형 나노소재 등의 화장품 연구에 생체적합 나노전달체를 이용한 예가 보고되었다. 나노/마이크로 입자 시스템은 제조방법과 형태에 따라 나노/마이크로 스피어, 나노/마이크로 캡슐, 나노/마이크로 에멀젼, 폴리머 마이셀, 리포좀 등으로 구분된다. 수용액상에서 자기 회합체를 구성하는 나노수준의 폴리머 마이셀입자, 고농도, 고활성 물질에 대하여 농도 및 활성을 일정하게 제어할 수 있는 나노/마이크로 캡슐, 단일 이중층 또는 다층(100~800 nm)을 형성하여 여러 생리 환성 물질의 전달체로 이용되는 리포솜(liposome)에 대하여 제조방법과 산업의 응용에 대해 소개하였다.