• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2012

Objectives: An ambulance can be a potential source of contagious or droplet infection of a community. We estimated the prevalence of positive carriage of tuberculosis (TB), methicillin-resistant $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant $Enterococci$ (VRE) in patients transported by ambulance. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. We enrolled all patients who visited a tertiary teaching hospital emergency department (ED). Blood, sputum, urine, body fluid, and rectal swab samples were taken from patients when they were suspected of TB, MRSA, or VRE in the ED. The patients were categorized into three groups: pre-hospital ambulance (PA) group; inter-facility ambulance (IA) group; and non-ambulance (NA) group. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression model for the prevalence of each infection. Results: The total number of patients was 89206. Of these, 9378 (10.5%) and 4799 (5.4%) were in the PA and IA group, respectively. The prevalence of TB, MRSA, and VRE infection were 0.3%, 1.1%, and 0.3%, respectively. In the PA group, the prevalence of TB, MRSA, and VRE were 0.3%, 1.8%, and 0.4%. In the IA group, the prevalence of TB, MRSA, and VRE were 0.7%, 4.6%, and 1.5%, respectively. The adjusted ORs (95% CI) of the PA and IA compared to the NA group were 1.02 (0.69 to 1.53) and 1.83 (1.24 to 2.71) for TB, 2.24 (1.87 to 2.69) and 5.47 (4.63 to 6.46) for MRSA, 2.59 (1.78 to 3.77) and 8.90 (6.52 to 12.14) for VRE, respectively. Conclusions: A high prevalence of positive carriage of TB, MRSA, and VRE in patients transported by metropolitan ambulances was found.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 1996년도 춘계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.58-67
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• 1996

This paper describes some computational results of various energy and environmental systems using Patankar's SIMPLE method. The specific topics handled in this study are jet bubbling reactor for flue gas desulfurization, cyclone-type afterburner for incineration, 200m tall stack for 500 MW electric power generation, double skin and heat storage systems of building energy saving for the utilization of solar heating, finally turbulent combustion systems with liquid droplet or pulverized coal particle. A control-volume based finite-difference method with the power-law scheme is employed for discretization. The pressure-velocity coupling is resolved by the use of the revised version of SIMPLE, that is, SIMPLEC. Reynolds stresses are closed using the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ and RNG $k-{\varepsilon}$ models. Two-phase turbulent combustion of liquid drop or pulverized coal particle is modeled using locally-homogeneous, gas-phase, eddy breakup model. However simple approximate models are incorporated for the modeling of the second phase slip and retardation of ignition without consideration of any detailed particle behavior. Some important results are presented and discussed in a brief note. Especially, in order to make uniform exit flow for the jet bubbling reactor, a well-designed structure of distributor is needed. Further, the aspect ratio in the double skin system appears to be one of important factors to give rise to the visible change of the induced air flow rate. The computational tool employed in this study, in general, appears as a viable method for the design of various engineering system of interest.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2002

옆미끄럼이 있는 조건에서 LEX를 갖는 삼각날개의 와류 특성을 유동의 가시화에 의한 실험적 방법으로 연구하였다. 모델은 $65^{\circ}$ 후퇴각의 갖는 평판 날개이다. 자유 유동속도는 6.2 m/s이며, 이 속도와 날개뿌리 시위를 기준으로 한 레이놀즈 수는 $4.4\times10^5$ 이다. 받음각 범위와 옆미끄림각 범위는 각각 $16^{\circ}\sim28^{\circ}$와 $0^{\circ}\sim-15^{\circ}$ 이다. 미세수적과 레이저 평면광에 의한 가시화는 오공 프로브에 의한 측정으로부터 얻을 수 없었던 보다 자세한 와유동 구조를 관찰 할 수 있도록 하였다. 옆미끄럼각이 있는 경우, 바람쪽은 LEX 와류와 날개 와류의 상호작용과 붕괴가 촉진되는 반면, 바람반대쪽은 두 와류의 상호작용과 붕괴가 억제되었다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.747-757
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• 2010

날개위에 쌓인 얼음은 날개의 공기역학적 성능을 저하시키고 항공기 사고를 야기하는 주요한 원인이 된다. 결빙된 날개의 형상 예측 연구는 얼음으로 변형된 날개의 공기역학적 성능 파악과 제빙 방빙 장치 설계에 선행 되어야 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 2차원 익형에 발생하는 유리얼음 형상을 예측할 수 있는 코드를 개발하였다. 계산의 효율성을 위해 익형 주위의 유동장 계산은 정상 용출 및 중첩 패널기법을 사용하였고 날개표면과 날개에 유입된 물의 열전달은 Messinger 모델을 통해 고려하였다. 본 코드의 해석 결과는 실험 및 LEWICE 등 기존 해석 프로그램과 상호 검증되었다. 결빙형상의 주요한 요소인 얼음 뿔의 진행 방향 및 얼음 두께는 실험 및 타 프로그램과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 대기온도, 수증기 함량, 입자 반지름, 자유류 등이 착빙 형상에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 분석하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.961-970
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• 1997

A numerical method is presented to predict and analyze the shape of a growing billet produced from the "spray forming process" which is a fairly new near-net shape manufacturing process. It is important to understand the mechanism of billet growing because one can obtain a billet with the desired final shape without secondary operations by accurate control of the billet shape, and it can also serve as a base for heat transfer and deformation analysis. The shape of a growing billet is determined by the flow rate of the alloy melt, the mode of nozzle scanning which is due to cam profile, the initial positio of the spray nozzle, scanning angle, and the withdrawal speed of the substrate. In the present study, a theoretical model is first established to predict the shape of the billet and next the effects of the most dominent processing conditions, such as withdrawal speed of the substrate and the cam profile, on the shape of the growing billet are studied. Process conditions are obtained to produce a billet with uniform diameter and flat top surface, and an ASP30 high speed steel billet is manufactured using the same process conditions established from the simulation.imulation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.1143-1156
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• 2009

The SPACE code that is based on a multi-dimensional two-fluid, three-field model is under development for licensing purposes of pressurized water reactors in Korea. Among the participating research and industrial organizations, KAERI is in charge of developing the physical models and correlation packages for the constitutive equations. This paper introduces a developed wall-to-fluid heat transfer package for the SPACE code. The wall-to-fluid heat transfer package consists of twelve heat transfer subregions. For each sub-region, the models in the existing safety analysis codes and the leading models in literature have been peer reviewed in order to determine the best models which can easily be applicable to the SPACE code. Hence a wall-to-fluid heat transfer region selection map has been developed according to the non-condensable gas quality, void fraction, degree of subcooling, and wall temperature. Furthermore, a partitioning methodology which can take into account the split heat flux to the continuous liquid, entrained droplet, and vapor fields is proposed to comply fully with the three-field formulation of the SPACE code. The developed wall-to-fluid heat transfer package has been pre-tested by varying the independent parameters within the application range of the selected correlations. The smoothness between two adjacent heat transfer regimes has also been investigated. More detailed verification work on the developed wall-to-fluid heat transfer package will be carried out when the coupling of a hydraulic solver with the constitutive equations is brought to completion.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2019

희박연료 직접분사(Lean Direct injection(LDI)) 가스터빈 연소기에 대한 이상유동 특성을 해석하였다. LDI 연소기에 적용된 환형분사기(hollow-cone spray injector)의 분열을 모사하기 위해 분열모델(Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization(LISA), Aerodynamically Progressed Taylor Analysis Breakup(APTAB)을 적용하였다. 침투깊이와 평균입도(Sauter Mean Diameter(SMD))를 통해 분열모델을 검증하였으며, LDI 연소기에 적용하여 이상유동특성을 분석하였다. 스월인젝터로 인해 Precessing Vortex Core(PVC)가 발생하였으며, 액적들이 PVC를 따라 미립화되는 것을 확인하였다. SMD 결과를 통해 PVC가 회전하는 영역의 외곽으로 즉, 빠른 속도 영역에 액적들이 분포하며, 스톡스수(Stokes number)는 1보다 작다.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 Part I에 소개된 요소모델들을 통합하여 핀틀 추력기 성능 특성을 분석하였다. 성능해석 모델 검증을 위하여 케로신/과산화수소 액체 핀틀 추력기의 실험결과와 비교 분석하였다. 검증한 결과를 바탕으로 핀틀 추력기 내부의 비정상 열유동장의 물리적 특성을 분석하였으며 필름효과를 확인하였다. 또한 추력기의 형상인자와 작동인자가 성능특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 OAT 방법과 scatter plot 방법을 이용해 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. 액적직경, 필름유량, O/F비, 노즐목 직경의 4가지 인자를 이용해 특성속도, 연소실 압력, 비추력의 변화에 대한 영향을 관찰하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is excessive hepatic lipid accumulation mainly caused by obesity. This study aimed to evaluate whether micro-current stimulation(MCS) could modulate lipid metabolism regarding the Sirt1/AMPK pathway, fatty acid β-oxidation pathway, and lipolysis and lipogenesis-related factors in FL83B cells. For the NAFLD cell model, FL83B cells were treated with oleic acid for lipid accumulation. MCS were stimulated for 1 hr and used frequency 10 Hz, duty cycle 50%, and biphasic rectangular current pulse. The intensity of MCS was divided into 50, 100, 200, and 400 ㎂. Through the results of Oil red O staining, it was confirmed that MCSs with the intensity of 200 ㎂ and 400 ㎂ significantly reduced the degree of lipid droplet formation. Thus, these MCS intensities were applied to western blot analysis. Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the effects of MCS on lipid metabolism. MCS with the intensity of 400 ㎂ showed that significantly activated the Sirt1/AMPK pathway, a key pathway for regulating lipid metabolism in hepatocytes, and fatty acid β-oxidation-related transcription factors. Moreover, it activated the lipolysis pathway and suppressed lipogenesis-related transcription factors such as SREBP-1c, FAS, and PPARγ. In the case of MCS with the intensity of 200 ㎂, only PGC1α and SREBP-1c showed significant differences compared to cells treated only with oleic acid. Taken together, these results suggested that MCS with the intensity of 400 ㎂ could alleviate hepatic lipid accumulation by modulating lipid metabolism in hepatocytes.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2022

Mist-CVD is known to have advantages of low cost and high productivity method since the precursor solution is misting with an ultrasonic generator and reacted on the substrate under vacuum-free conditions of atmospheric pressure. However, since the deposition distribution is not uniform, various efforts have been made to derive optimal conditions by changing the angle of the substrate and the position of the outlet to improve the result of the preceding study. Therefore, in this study, a deposition distribution uniformity model was derived through the shape and position of the substrate support and the conditions of inlet flow rate using the particle tracking method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results of analysis were compared with the previous studies through experiment. It was confirmed that the rate of deposition area was improved from 38.7% to 100%, and the rate of deposition uniformity was 79.07% which was higher than the predicted result of simulation. Particle tracking method can reduce trial and error in experiments and can be considered as a reliable prediction method.