• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2014

In this study, effect of cosurfactant on the solubilization rate of n-octane, n-decane and n-dodecane oil was performed by micellar solutions of polymeric nonionic surfactant Pluronic L64($EO_{13}PO_{30}EO_{13}$) at room temperature. It has been found that the solubilization rate of a hydrocarbon oil was enhanced with an increase in both chain length and amount of alcohol added. In case of addition of a short chain alcohol such as 1-butanol, the solubilization rate of a hydrocarbon oil was slightly increased since most of alcohol molecules remained in an aqueous surfactant solution. On the other hand, the addition of a relatively long chain alcohol such as 1-hexanol and 1-octanol produced a big increase in solubilization rate of a hydrocarbon oil mainly due to incorporation of alcohol molecules into micelles and thus producing more flexible micellar packing density. Dynamic interfacial tension measurements showed the same trend found in solubilization rate measurement. Both interfacial tension value at equilibrium and time required to reach equilibrium decreased with an increase in chain length of an alcohol.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2003

This study evaluated the influence of chemomechanical caries removal agent $Carisolv^{TM}$(MediTeam, Sweden) for composite resin adhesion to sound human permanent and primary dentin. The buccal/labial surfaces of 80 permanent molars and 80 primary incisors were used. Four types of adhesives and one composite resin were used; AQ Bond(Sun Medical, Japan), Clearfil SE Bond(Kuraray, Japan), Single Bond(3M, USA), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose(3M, USA) and Z100(3M, USA). One drop of $Carisolv^{TM}$(MediTeam, Sweden) was pretreated on the dentin for 0 second(control) and 60 seconds. The specimens were thermocycled for 1,000 times in baths kept 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C with a 30 seconds dwell time. Shear bond strengths were tested and the data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA with subsequent post hoc Scheffe test at p<0.05. $Carisolv^{TM}$ treatment significantly decreased the shear bond strength. Shear bond strength of permanent dentin was significantly higher than that of primary dentin. Clearfil SE Bond treatment groups showed the highest shear bond strength and AQ Bond treatment groups showed the lowest shear bond strength.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.183-183
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• 2017

In the early part of rice growth, root volume primarily limits the amount of plant-accessible nitrogen (N). Therefore, knowledge of the root development is important for modeling N uptake of rice. The timing when the volume of rhizosphere cover the whole soil is also important to carry out timely top dressing. However, information about initial root expansion and associated N uptake is limited due to intrinsic technical difficulties in assessing below-ground processes. Some studies, however, showed a close relationship between below-ground root and above-ground leaf development, suggesting a possibility that above-ground attributes could serve as surrogates for the root processes. In this study, we investigated the relationship between below-ground and above-ground development of rice. Field experiments were conducted where we cultivated Koshihikari (a leading cultivar in Japan) for four different cropping schedules in 2012. In 2016, Gimbozu (HEG4) and three flowering time mutant lines of Gimbozu (X61 (se13), HS276 (ef7), DMG9 (se13, ef7)) were examined for a single season. Experiments were performed with three replications in a completely randomized design. We monitored ammonium-N concentration ([NH4+-N]) in soil solution by repeatedly taking samples from a porous tubing (10-cm long) vertically inserted at the most distant point from surrounding rice hills. Samples were taken in triplicate (= triplicate tubes) and every three days from transplanting in each experimental unit. For above-ground attributes, leaf area index (LAI) was measured in 2012, whereas soil coverage ratio was estimated by image processing in 2016. Results showed that [NH4+-N] increased gradually after transplanting and then rapidly decreased from a certain day. This distinct drop in [NH4+-N] informed us the timing at which the rice root system reached the point of porous tubing and thus essentially covered the whole soil volume. The LAI at the dropping point was about 0.43 regardless of the cropping schedules in 2012 experiment. In 2016, the coverage ratio at the N dropping point was within the range of 0.12 to 0.19 for four genotypes having different growth durations. In addition, the coverage ratios at seven weeks after the transplanting showed a good correspondence to LAI across the four genotypes. We therefore conclude that both LAI and coverage ratio may serve as robust indicators for root development and might be useful to estimate the timing when the root system fully cover the soil volume. Results obtained here will also contribute to develop models that can predict not only above-ground canopy development but also associated below-ground processes.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.513-520
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• 2012

Objectives : In this study, contact angle and shore D hardness were measured, and a shark fin test was conducted after selecting five addition silicon(Blu-Mousse, BM; EXABITE II, EX; PERFECT, PF; Regisil$^{(R)}$ Rigid, RE; Silagum$^{(R)}$, SI) in order to figure out the properties of elastomeric interocclusal recording materials and reduce errors at interocclusal recording. 8) Methods : A contact angle was measured using a contact angle analyzer. After placing a drop of liquid on the surface of the specimens of interocclusal recording materials, a contact angle was photographed with a CCD camera on the equipment. In terms of a shark fin test, interocclusal recording materials were mixed for the time proposed by the manufacturer and inserted into the split ring of the Shark fin device. Twenty (20) seconds exactly, a metal rod was removed to make the materials slowly absorbed. Once they hardened, fin height was measured with a caliper after separating molds and trimming the specimens. The shore D hardness was measured with a shore D hardness tester(Model HPDSD, Hans Schmidt & Co. Gmbh, Germany) in sixty (60) minutes after fabricating specimens. In each experiment, five specimens, mean and standard deviation were calculated. A one-way ANOVA test was performed at the p>0.05 level of significance. In terms of correlation among the tests, Pearson correlation coefficient was estimated. For multiple comparison, Scheffe's test was carried out. Results : A contact angle was the highest in EX with $99.23^{\circ}$ (p<0.05) while the result of the shark fin test was the longest in RE with 5.45mm. SI was the lowest (0.27mm) with statistical significance. Among the interocclusal recording materials, significant difference was observed in terms of means (p<0.05). The shore D hardness was the highest in SI with 31.0 while RE was significantly low with 16.4 (p<0.05). Among the materials, statistically significant difference was observed in terms of means when compared to the rest materials (RE), BM, RE and SI (PF and EX) and the remaining materials (BM and SI) (p<0.05). In terms of correlations among the tests, a negative correlation occurred between shore D hardness and shark fin test(r=-0.823, p=0.000). Conclusions : According to the study above, it is necessary to understand the properties of interocclusal recording materials and consider contact angle, shark fin test and properties of shore D hardness to select appropriate materials.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2010

This paper proposed a new fast multi-reference frame motion estimation algorithm. The proposed algorithm reduces search areas of motion estimation using a linear relation of motion vector with distance of each reference frame. New algorithm executes full search area motion estimation in reference frame 0 and reference frame 1. After that, search areas in reference frame 2, reference frame 3 and reference frame 4 are minimized by distance of each reference frame and results of motion estimation in reference frame 0 and reference frame 1. The proposed algorithm does not use a threshold value which is obstacle of hardware implementation and processing time schedule. Also, it reduced computation quantity of multi-reference motion estimation. Hardware implementation of multi-reference frame motion estimation is possible by these features. Simulation results show that PSNR drop and bitrate increase of proposed algorithm are lower than those of previous fast multi-reference frame motion estimation algorithm The number of computation of new algorithm is reduced 52.5% and quality of result is negligible when compared with full search area motion estimation which has 5 reference frames.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.488-494
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• 2015

This study aims to develop and apply a standard management self-diagnostic table for forestry households to better manage their astringent persimmon production. The diagnostic table consisted of 3 categories (general status of a forestry household, management performance indicators, level of management) and 18 subcategories. The current management status across 241 households was surveyed among 10 chief astringent persimmon producing municipalities. Scores from the 18 subcategories were aggregated for a total score to evaluate and compare different levels of management. The respondents scored an overall average of 57.4, 62% of which were placed between 40 and 60. Upon close examination Chungcheongnam-do scored a very low score in the 'management system-tree height' subcategory with respect to the average score potentially because of the large population of aged trees in the region. The national average in the 'production skills-time of fruit load adjustment' subcategory was only 1.96 because unlike sweet persimmons astringent persimmons adjust their own load by inducing physiological fruit drop. The national average in the 'management/sales skills-material purchase' subcategory was 2.01; over 60% of the respondents indicated a preference for independent selection and purchase for most materials. The households preferring a group purchase tended to utilize the regional co-op.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.281-286
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• 2010

Effects of soaking period on physicochemical characteristics of chokong (black soybean picked in brown rice vinegar) and soaking solution were investigated. The pH and soluble solid contents in soaking solution increased rapidly whereas total acidity decreased during the first 4 days of soaking. The sudden drop of color 'L' and 'b' values in soaking solution occurred one day after start of soaking; in contrast, 'a' value increased by 1 day, and then decreased for soaking periods. The strength and hardness of chokong showed a decreasing trend as soaking for a long time, and the values of chokong were lower than those of control (black soybean soaked in water and freeze dried). The protein bands of chokong for soaking appeared only under 24,000 Da of molecular weight by electrophoresis. The content of total amino acids of chokong pickled for 7 days was 86.86 mg%, about 3 times for 28.36 mg% of raw black soybean. The contents of essential amino acids, especially, leucine and phenylalanine increased greatly in chokong. In vitro digestibility for protein was 62% in raw black soybean and 84% in chokong pickled for 7 days. Therefore, these results may assumed that chokong will be good source of amino acids.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.2-10
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• 2017

Early detection and proper management of kidney rejection are crucial for the long-term health of a transplant recipient. Recipients are normally monitored by serum creatinine measurement and sometimes with graft biopsies. Donor-derived cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) in the recipient's plasma and/or urine may be a better indicator of acute rejection. We evaluated digital PCR (dPCR) as a system for monitoring graft status using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based detection of donor DNA in plasma or urine. We compared the detection abilities of the QX200, RainDrop, and QuantStudio 3D dPCR systems. The QX200 was the most accurate and sensitive. Plasma and/or urine samples were isolated from 34 kidney recipients at multiple time points after transplantation, and analyzed by dPCR using the QX200. We found that donor DNA was almost undetectable in plasma DNA samples, whereas a high percentage of donor DNA was measured in urine DNA samples, indicating that urine is a good source of cfDNA for patient monitoring. We found that at least 24% of the highly polymorphic SNPs used to identify individuals could also identify donor cfDNA in transplant patient samples. Our results further showed that autosomal, sex-specific, and mitochondrial SNPs were suitable markers for identifying donor cfDNA. Finally, we found that donor-derived cfDNA measurement by dPCR was not sufficient to predict a patient's clinical condition. Our results indicate that donor-derived cfDNA is not an accurate predictor of kidney status in kidney transplant patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.476-482
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• 2013

The present study makes an investigation into expression of genes related to cardiac development in chicken, quail and chicken-quail hybrids during the early stage of embryogenesis. Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expressions of Nkx2-5, GATA4 and TBX5 in the heart of chicken, quail and chicken-quail hybrids embryos during the 3rd to 7th days of incubation. Results showed that NKX2-5 mRNA displayed a similar expression trend in chicken, quail and chicken-quail hybrids. The initial and highest expression of Nkx2-5 was focused on the 3rd day of incubation, then it declined till 5th day of incubation, thereafter, it fluctuated. Expression of Nkx2-5 gene in quail was significantly higher than in chicken and chicken-quail hybrids, and no significant difference was observed between the two latter species. GATA4 mRNA showed a similar expression trend between chicken and quail, which displayed a steady increase from 3rd to 6th d, then, the expression level decreased. However, GATA4 mRNA expression in chicken-quail hybrids was significantly higher than that in chicken and quail from 3rd to 5th d (p<0.01), but significantly lower than that in chicken and quail during the later stage of the experiment (p<0.05), due to the dramatic drop from 5th d onwards (p<0.01). TBX5 mRNA expression in chicken and quail showed the same trend as GATA4 expressed in the two species. Furthermore, TBX5 expression in chicken-quail hybrids was significantly higher than that in chicken and quail during the whole course of experiment, although relatively lower TBX5 expression was detected in the early stage. In conclusion, Nkx2-5, GATA4 and TBX5 genes showed dynamic changes during the process of cardiac development in chicken, quail and their hybrids embryos. In addition, the expression trend in chicken was similar to that in quail, and there was no significant difference for gene expression level, except NKX2-5. However, expression of these genes in chicken-quail hybrids was significantly different from their parents, the difference mechanism needs to be further explored.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.142-150
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• 2001

Until now rubber industry field has used organic solvent base adhesive, there was always existed a fire risk, variety of quality and harmfulness of human body. To solve this problem we were developed a new adhesive that was maked by raw materials of hydrocarbon series which has the properties of nonvolatile and high flash point. Because of this new adhesive has the properties of nonvolatile and non-harmfulness to the human body, we expected to solve the problems of a fire hazard and the pollution of the environmental. Instead of the rubber binder that is used to a present adhesive, the new idea is adopted in a new type of adhesive. Nonvolatile solvent penetrated to the rubber surface and caused the swelling in rubber surface and as a result of this action, it has the self-adhesive power. In comparision with the present adhesive a new type of adhesive remarkably improved the maintenance time of adhesion and the durability of this adhesive showed similar aspect. Because it did not exhibit a drop of physical properties of rubber which was caused by swelling effect, we estimate that new type adhesive are very stable and not reacted to several rubber additives. While present adhesive appear the crack at cutting surface of curing rubber that caused by gas, new type adhesive not exist these crack.