• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.87-104
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data as a improvement method through the fact-revealing concerning the drinking water management of school and utilization of student. The problems of the research are as follows: First, to investigate status of management of drinking water by area and school. Second, to investigate student's utilization of drinking water by area and school. 1,400 students was selected at 45 elementary and middle-high schools located in Kang-won province, and this study was constituted of two questionnaires(for school's questionnaire and student's questionnaire). The results was analyse through the frequency analysis, $x^2$-test on the basis of the above research problem by SPSS program. The findings of this research are as follows; 1) The Management of School Drinking Water First, the source of school drinking water was mostly piped water. Inspection of water quality has been fulfilled under four times a year, in the other hands, from the result inspection, the schools which was given inadequate determination was 22.2%. Second, reservoir cleaning and hygiene inspection failed far short of the regulations. Especially, reservoir cleaning was managed by exterior consignment industry not low-level officials. Third, school water drinking was the most supplied through the type of water purifier. Water purifier has been distributed to city-located and middle-high school highly, factually the water from water purifier was served with water cup. Fourth, the selection standard of water drinking manager showed slightly differently by school, accordingly there need to develope integrated system with the respective to its effective systematic management. Fifth, water cup was mostly treated by only water clear, which is to vindicate the problems concerning hygiene management. 2) Utilization of school student on Drinking Water First, Disbelief on drinking water of school student was very high. Especially, proportion of middle-high school student's disbelief of drinking water was higher than elementary school student, also girls higher than boys. Many of student have heard to don't drink water from around people. And there were showed meaningful differences by area and school. Second, It was showed many student recognize had to utilize water purifier, boiled water. However, they have still drunken the tap water or portable water from their home. Third, Many of student showed negative response with the respective to the management conditions of drinking water in classroom, There were showed meaningful differences by area and school. From the fact-revealing of water cup management, Students mostly answered to 'only water clear' and the answer of 'None use' or 'With personal cup' was higher. Fourth, In bad experience of Drinking Water, student mostly answered to 'occasionally' and there were showed meaningful differences by school. student's disease experience with school drinking water was few and there were showed meaningful differences by area and gender.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.375-384
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between drinking patterns and depressive mood, and to understand the factors associated with depressive mood among problem drinkers. Data of 19,878 adults over 19 years of age and older from the third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The risk of depressive mood was greater with higher level of problem drinking in both genders. For male problem drinkers, the factors associated with depressive mood include older age, lower education level, unemployment, high perceived stress, bad subjective health status, and non-married status. For female, higher risk was found in groups with the age of 40-49, lower education level, unemployment, high perceived stress, and bad subjective health status. By early screening of the identified risk factors, progression to mental health problem can be avoided. For preventative measures, differential approach depending on gender is suggested.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

To understand the distribution of Giardia cysts in drinking water supplies in Seoul, Korea, we collected water samples quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River, its largest stream and 6 conventional water treatment plants (WTPs) serving drinking water, from 2000 to 2009. Giardia cysts in each of 10 L water were confirmed in 35.0% of intake water samples and the arithmetic mean was 1.65 cysts/10 L (range 0-35 cysts/10 L). The lowest cyst density was observed at Paldang and Kangbuk intakes, and the pollution level was higher at 4 intakes downstream. It seemed that these 4 intakes were under influence of Wangsuk stream at the end of which cysts were found in all samples with the mean of 140 cysts/10 L. The annual mean number of cysts was 0.21-4.21 cysts/10 L, and the cyst level at the second half of the 10 years was about 1/5 of that at first half on average. The cysts were more frequently found in winter, and their mean density was 3.74 cysts/10 L in winter and 0.80-1.08 cysts/10 L in other seasons. All finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Giardia in each of 100 L sample for 10 years and cyst removal by physical process was average 2.9-log. It was concluded that conventional water treatment at 6 WTPs of Seoul appears to remove the cysts effectively under the present level of their source water. Domestic wastewater from the urban region could be an important source of Giardia pollution in the river.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.789-797
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• 2001

This study was conducted to find the differences in food consumption frequency of the middle aged(male 20, female 50) and the elderly(male 15, female 15) living in Chonju in December, 1998 according to food habits, smoking, alcohol drinking and exercising habit, health status, and the levels of nutrition knowledge and attitude store. The foods frequently consumed among the subjects were kimchi(15.4/week), mixed rice(11.5/week), rice(7.6/week), vegetables in soup, jjigae and jorim(5.0/week), mandarins and oranges(5.e/week), and seasoned laver(4.3/week). There were several factors influencing food consumption patterns. These were age, regularity of meal times, the status of smoking, alcohol drinking and exercising, and the level of nutrition attitude. The elderly ate cooked rice more frequently, while the middle aged ate fish, especially blue fishes more frequently. The middle aged who had breakfast regularly ate milk and milk products, legumes and fruits frequently. Those who smoked seemed to eat less cereals and starches and fats, while those who didn't smoke ate more sugars. The alcohol drinking group also ate less fats and the exorcising group ate almost all of food groups frequently. The status of health showed to be related with food consumption patterns. The normal group in hemoglobin ate eggs more frequently than the anemia group and the high risk group in blood pressure ate almost all of food groups more frequently. The high level group for nutrition attitude score chose vegetables, fruits, and milk and milk products more frequently than the other groups. On the other hand, low level group for nutrition attitude score was apt to eat ramyun, ham-sausage, and carbonated beverages more frequently. Therefore, nutrition education to improve the food habits find to change nutrition attitude is necessary to promote health status anti mole attention should be taken to the high risk group in blood pressure to guide proper food and nutrition intakes.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

The Korean GDP per capita doubled during the last 10 years. As the GDP increases, Korean health behaviors such as, eating, drinking, smoking, and exercise habits changed as well. Compared to the remarkably advanced diagnostic technologies and therapeutics during the last decade, the leading causes of death in Korea scarcely changed. Among the leading causes of death, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, diabetes, liver disease and hypertension are closely related to health behaviors. Using the database of medical check-up between 2001 and 2010, the authors performed a longitudinal study for the prevalence rates and the trends of major chronic adult diseases among the 2,721 workers along with their health behavior. Among the diagnostic test items, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol and BMI levels showed steady increase and these three test items all showed linear trends (p<0.001). The average blood sugar and cholesterol levels were near worrying levels. Moreover, the average BMI of males was found to be at the overweight level, intimating the possibility reaching thee Obese Class I level soon if there are no aggressive counter measures. Fasting blood sugar and cholesterol levels were higher in a drinking group as compared to a non-drinking group, and the BMI levels were also higher in the drinking group and the smoking group as compared to the non-drinking and the non-smoking group (p<0.001). Finally, the authors believe that the fasting blood sugar, cholesterol and BMI levels should be designated as target monitoring test items in the medical check-up for Korean employees.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2014

Uranium can be released into the water environment from natural sources and human activities. The natural source of uranium is dominant in the Korean soil and groundwater environments. Uranium has both of radioactive and chemical toxic properties. Therefore, a drinking water contaminated with uranium has a high health risk. This study was conducted to determine the uranium concentration of water systems including small village drinking water system, groundwater for drinking water purpose, spring water, groundwater monitoring well, and emergency water suppling system. The uranium concentration was compared with domestic and other countries' standard. The contamination level was also evaluated on the basis of geological characteristics of the area. Among total 803 samples, 6 exceeded the Korean standard, $30{\mu}g/{\ell}$ and this was about 0.7% of the total sample. On the basis of geology, uranium concentration appeared to be increased in order of biotite granodiorite > biotite granite > gneissoid granite. The highest level of uranium was 12.4 in average.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1178-1182
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• 2009

This study was designed to analyze the results of Vaso-Aging Degree in Oriental medical examination. The subjects were workers in the automobile manufacturing industry. The subjects consisted of 24,077 industrial workers who had received Oriental medical examination by Oriental medicine and they submitted questionnaires about drinking history and smoking history, during 9 months from March to November. They were categorized by job class, drinking history and smoking history, exercising history. The percentage of Vaso-Aging Degree were measured by using SA3000P(Medicore, Seoul, Korea). We analyzed the relationship between job class, drinking history, smoking history, exercising history and Vaso-Aging Degree using ${\chi}2$-test of the SPSS Ver. 14.0. In job class, Sales personnel were apt to have a higher level of Vaso-Aging Degree than Office workers. And getting older workers are, the higher Vaso-Aging Degree becomes. Vaso-Aging Degree of the Drinker group showed a higher level than the Non-Drinker group. Vaso-Aging Degree of Smoker group were higher than the Non-smoker group. On the other hand, Vafo-Aging Degree of Non-Exerciser group were higher than the Exerciser group. They have to manage Vaso-Aging Degree closely and educate the workers to quit smoking and drinking for their health promotion. Furthermore, continuous health check up needs to be done connectedly.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.46
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• pp.288.1-288.12
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• 2018

Background: Diarrheal and intestinal infectious disease caused by inadequate drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is not only a great concern in developing countries but also a problem in low-income populations and rural areas in developed countries. In this study, we assessed the exposure to inadequate WASH in Korea and estimated the burden of disease attributable to inadequate WASH. Methods: We used observational data on water supply, drinking water, sewage treatment rate, and hand washing to assess inadequate WASH conditions in Korea, and estimated the level of exposure in the entire population. The disease burden was estimated by applying the cause of death data from death registry and the morbidity data from the national health insurance to the population attributable fraction (PAF) for the disease caused by inappropriate WASH. Results: In 2013, 1.4% of the population were exposed to inadequate drinking water, and 1.0% were living in areas where sewerage was not connected. The frequency of handwashing with soap after contact with excreta was 23.5%. The PAF due to inadequate WASH as a cluster of risk factors was 0.353 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.275-0.417), among which over 90% were attributable to hand hygiene factors that were significantly worse than those in American and European high-income countries. Conclusion: The level of hand hygiene in Korea has yet to be improved to the extent that it shows a significant difference compared to other high-income countries. Therefore, improving the current situation in Korea requires a continuous hand washing campaign and a program aimed at all people. In addition, continuous policy intervention for improvement of sewage treatment facilities in rural areas is required, and water quality control monitoring should be continuously carried out.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

Objectives: We describe the development of a smoking and drinking prevention program for adolescents, using intervention mapping. Methods: The study sample consisted of 1,000 high school second-grade students from 6 high schools in Seoul. The PRECEDE model was applied for the needs assessment. We carried out a social diagnosis by assessing the factors such as the quality of life, happiness level, and satisfaction with school life; an epidemiological diagnosis on the perceived health status, stress levels, and priority of health issues; a behavioral diagnosis on the smoking and drinking rate and the intention to smoke and drink; and an educational diagnosis on knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social norms and life skills. Results: The development process included a needs assessment, identifying factors that influence smoking and drinking among adolescents. Intention, knowledge, perceived norms, perceived benefit, perceived cost, perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and life skills were identified as determinants. Three performance objectives were formulated to describe what an individual needs to do in order to avoid smoking and drinking. Subsequently, we constructed an intervention matrix by crossing the performance objectives with the selected determinants. Each cell describes the learning objectives of the smoking and drinking prevention program. The program used methods from the transtheoretical model, such as consciousness raising, outcome expectations, self-reevaluation, self-liberation, counterconditioning, environmental reevaluation, and stimulus control. The program deals with the effects of smoking and drinking, self-improvement, decision making, understanding advertisements, communication skills, social relationships, and assertiveness. Conclusions: By using the process of intervention mapping, the program developer was able to ensure a systematical incorporation of empirical and new data and theories to guide the intervention design. Programs targeting other health-related behavior and other methods or strategies can also be developed using this intervention mapping process.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.7-25
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• 1991

Until now, pure drinking water grnerally menas the water without taste, odor, general bacteria, coliform, and other exotic substance. Such a definition has been changing recently due to the finding of numerous other inorganic and organic substances unknown to us. 10 years ago, major causes of death were infectious agents and parasites contained in water, but recently, it has become apparent that some substances contained in drinking water cause cancer and heart diseases. We must drink about 2L of water everyday in order to maintain healthy condition. Waters used for drinking include tap water, well water, spring water, filtered water, etc., but the quality of drinking water has more polluted due to the industrial development and population increase. For example, industrial waste waters from industrial plants pollute the water supply sources ; toxic substances contained in the waste waters pollute the ground water sources by penetrating the geological strata, and municipal, livestock, public building waste waters also pollute the water supply sources. Sometimes, the polluted surface waters were announced to be polluted by various kinds of orgainc substance, and it is reported that the pollution of ground water by orga nic substances has few in number but high in its concectration comparing with those of surface water. As the water quality pollution level increases, so the amount of disinfectant also increase. For example, chlorine solution, one of widely used disinfectants, creates trihalomethane(THM), a carcinogen, and halogen compounds. According to Oliver, through chlorine disinfection process, humine substance and chlorine create bolatile organic halide and nonvolatile organic halide by chemical reaction. There are tens or hundreds filtering devices, but filtering principles and maintenance metjhods are different, so their efficiency tests are needed. According to Smith, the effeciency tests aginst over 30 Ameican filtering devices show that 10 devices can remove 85% of volatile organics and further studies on filtered waters are underway. In consideration of important impacts of polluted drinking water on national health, authors studied the state of water quality pollution against tap water used as drinking water, filtration device passed water, ground water, and conserved drinking water ; tested the efficiency of filtration devices for tap water ; tried to sep up the detection method by using ion chromatography based on negative ion and positive ion by using single column, and attemped the simple filtration method for general households.