• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.363-375
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• 2024

Within the optimization field, addressing the intricate posed by fluidic pressure loads on functionally graded structures with frequency-related designs is a kind of complex design challenges. This paper thus introduces an innovative density-based topology optimization strategy for frequency-constraint functionally graded structures incorporating Darcy's law and a drainage term. It ensures consistent treatment of design-dependent fluidic pressure loads to frequency-related structures that dynamically adjust their direction and location throughout the design evolution. The porosity of each finite element, coupled with its drainage term, is intricately linked to its density variable through a Heaviside function, ensuring a seamless transition between solid and void phases. A design-specific pressure field is established by employing Darcy's law, and the associated partial differential equation is solved using finite element analysis. Subsequently, this pressure field is utilized to ascertain consistent nodal loads, enabling an efficient evaluation of load sensitivities through the adjoint-variable method. Moreover, this novel approach incorporates load-dependent structures, frequency constraints, functionally graded material models, and polygonal meshes, expanding its applicability and flexibility to a broader range of engineering scenarios. The proposed methodology's effectiveness and robustness are demonstrated through numerical examples, including fluidic pressure-loaded frequency-constraint structures undergoing small deformations, where compliance is minimized for structures optimized within specified resource constraints.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2006

모래-점토 복합시료의 제반 전단특성을 규명하기 위하여 연약지반에 설치한 배수재로서의 모래기둥의 직경(dw)과 배수영향원의 직경(de)비 즉, 배수간격비(n=de/dw), 모래기둥의 밀도 및 모래기둥과 주변 연약토의 강성을 달리한 공시체를 제작하여 실내 삼축압축시험을 실시하였다. 또한 모래기둥을 토목섬유등의 보강재로 감싼 경우에 있어서 지반의 보강정도 및 효과에 대해서도 시험이 이루어 졌다. 삼축압축시험 결과, 모래기둥의 직경과 밀도가 커질수록 전단강도가 증가하는 일반적인 경향을 보이나, 모래기둥을 보강재료로 감싼 경우의 전단강도 증가가 매우 크다. 그리고 배수간격비가 3이하를 경계로 하여 그 증가정도가 뚜렷하게 나타나고 모래의 전단거동과 유사하다. 간극수압계수는 배수간격비가 작아질수록 감소하는 경향으로 전단강도 결과에서와 같이 배수간격비가 3~4이하에서는 그 감소 정도가 크다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제19권
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• pp.32-38
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• 1975

호남지방의 습답수도작개량을 목적으로 지하배수에 관한 시험을 실시하기 위하여 암거를 설치하고 시비량은 다비, 보비, 다비구를, 재식밀도는 소식, 표준, 밀식구를 두어 시험을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 배수처리는 하므로서 출수기와 성숙기의 지상부 건물중은 수량과 유의적 정상관을 보였다. 2. 배수구에서 등숙기간 엽신중 질소함량의 감소량과 수량과는 $r=0.696^*$의 정상관을 보였으나 흡수질소량의 감소랴오가 수량과는 $Y=220.7+200.7x-35.3x^2$의 이차회귀를 보였다. 3. 주당근수는 무배수구에서 많았으며 재식밀도간에 큰 차이가 없었으나 배수구에서는 재식밀도증가에 따라 주당근수의 감소는 현저하였다. 4. 근태, 근장, 근모의 형성등은 배수구에서 월등히 증가하였으며 아울러 주당근중이 무거웠다. 5. 뿌리의 활력은 소비구의 상우근을 제외하고는 배수구에서 현저히 높았다. 6. 배수처리는 등숙율과 천립증가에 특히 유효하였다. 7. 수량은 무배수구에 비하여 배수구에서 소비소식구는 1~4%의 감수를 보였으나 그 외 모든 처리는 3~13%의 증수를 보였는데 그 효과는 시비량의 증가보다 재식밀도증가에서 더 현저하였다.

• 지질공학
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.425-436
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• 2010

이 연구는 부산광역시 기장군 일광면 일대의 일광광산 주변에 위치한 절리암반에 대하여 추계론적 해석기법을 적용하여 삼차원 절리연결구조를 구현하고 절리의 기하학적 특성에 따른 광산배수 산성도의 특성을 고찰하였다. 절리 분포특성을 규명하기 위하여 산성광산배수 발생 가능지역을 중심으로 지표 선형조사선과 시추공영상촬영에 의한 절리조사를 실시하였다. 일광광산의 현장실험 암반에 대한 삼차원 절리연결구조 모델이 추계론적으로 구현되었다. 예측된 절리분포의 타당성을 검토한 결과 모사된 삼차원 절리연결구조는 현장암반의 절리 분포특성을 잘 반영하는 것으로 나타났으며 광산배수 유동에 대한 개관적인 개념을 제공할 수 있다. 현장에서 자연수 주입으로 산성배수를 유도하기 위한 주입공 1공 및 관측공 3공이 설치되었다. 총 29일 동안 주입공으로 투입된 자연수를 모니터링한 결과 절리연결구조에 따른 절리의 기하학적 모수와 산성광산배수 발생 간에 상관성이 있는 것으로 해석되었다. 절리주향의 상대빈도가 상대적으로 큰 방향으로의 관측공에서 높은 값의 pH를， 그리고 낮은 값의 $SO^{2-}_4$ 농도가 측정되었다. 전반적인 추세는 절리주향의 상대빈도가 증가할수록 pH는 로그함수적인 증가를 보이며 $SO^{2-}_4$ 농도는 로그함수적인 감소를 나타내며 높은 결정계수의 상관성을 갖는다. 절리밀도가 상대적으로 큰 방향으로의 관측공에서 낮은 값의 pH를, 그리고 높은 값의 $SO^{2-}_4$ 농도가 측정되었다. 전반적인 추세는 1-D 절리밀도가 증가할수록 pH는 음지수함수적인 감소를 보이며 $SO^{2-}_4$ 농도는 지수함수적인 증가를 나타낸다.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2007년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
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• pp.211-214
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to establish the basic information for natural drainage capacity assessment in urban area. We sorted midium watershed of Han river and Nak-dong river, and selected 30 rainfall events during 1995 to 2000 according to high level of damage. The inundated area showed high watershed slope about 25% and it indicated the greatest damage around the watershed located in 200-300m of altitude. Besides, the great damage by inundation was occurred in the mountainous agriculture region, where the forest scale was high and the urbanization was being progressed gradually. However, inundated area was small in case of grassland, water tone such as riparian area, bare ground and wetland. Moreover, the inundated area was different according to river shape and characteristics of river distribution such as the density of the stream order, conservation constant of the river system, and the number of undulations in the watershed. Therefore, it showed that land use, river shape and distribution characteristics of stream influence on inundation.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2002

This preliminary study on the changes of macrobenthic assemblages in experimental sediment fences was conducted as a part of tidal marsh restoration project. Intertidal sediment fences were designed to increase the efficiency of trapping sediments on unvegetated tidal flats in order to raise sediment elevation and to allow colonization of intertidal vegetation. Although increment of soil surface level was not observed over the first three months of the study, it was possible to obtain some effects of the sediment fence. Three months later, the particle sizes of the surface sediment at experimental plots became much finer compared to unfenced areas on the natural mudflats located in the same tide level as that of the plots. The difference was much greater on the plot with drainage canals than on the plot without ones. Species diversity of the experimental plots became much higher than that of natural sites. Perinereis aibuhitensis and Glauconome chinensis which were absent from initial community appeared with high density in the plot with drainage canals. Those species were significantly different in abundance between the experimental plot and the natural mudflat. Changes in species composition were not detected in another experimental plot without drainage canals.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권5호통권112호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2005

These studies were carried out (1) to investigate the growth characteristics of Sedum album L. in the field, (2) to propose a suitable shallow peen roof system for this plant, and (3) to evaluate plant growth in the proposed system over the long term. The growth characteristics, such as morphological properties, growth habit, shade tolerance, and flowering, were surveyed. In experimental shallow green-roof systems, the effects of drainage type, substrate type, and soil depth on plant growth were investigated. Then drought tolerance was investigated. After planting Sedum album L. in the proposed system survival rate, cover, and resistance to insects, heal and cold were evaluated for about 2 years. The results of these studies are summarized below. 1. In the field, the aboveground part of Sedum album L. did not die back during the winter. Plant height was 4$\sim$7 cm. Roots were distributed to a depth of 5$\sim$7 cm. Sedum album L. is a compact ground-cover plant that spreads vigorously. Shading condition of less than $30\%$ of full sunlight didn't cause any trouble, but shading conditions above $87\%$ made the shape of the shoots and leaves abnormal. The plant bloomed from June to August and had a rather large compound umbel of white, star-shaped flowers. 2. Two systems, a drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth and a reservoir$\cdot$drainage-blend-15 cm soil depth, performed best in terms of cover, fresh weight, and dry weight. The first has an advantage for green roofs because it is lighter than the latter. 3. In drainage-blend-10 m soil depth and modified reservoir · drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth system no plants died for about 4 months after stopping the irrigation. The visual quality of the latter system was above 5 for 4 months and that of the former was under 5 after 2 months. In the field, however, the drought tolerance of Sedum album L. grown in the former would be enough to withstand the dry season. Considering the urban ecosystem and the importance of healthy growth the modified reservoir $\cdot$ drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth system was finally recommended. This system was composed of a 4 cm thick drainage layer and drain outlets placed at a height of 2.5 cm. 4. In the proposed system, the survival rate was $100\%$, and there was no injury induced by insects and heat. The leaf density decreased a little in winter. Cover increased throughout the year. Sedum album L. was planted with a cover of 72$cm^{2}$ on 3 April 2003; on 16 June 2003 and 15 June 2004, cover was $132.66\pm$5.87 $cm^{2}$(1.8 times) and $886.98\pm$63.51 $cm^{2}$(12.3 times), respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.440-444
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• 2000

A 54-year-old male patient was admitted due to dyspnea with chest pain and reddish swelling in the right lteral neck and right upper which developed 2 or 3 days age. He was treated with acupuncture in the neck about one week ago prior to admission. CT scans of the chest showed density of air and abnormal soft tissue which suggested abscess of the anterior mediastinum and subcutaneous tissue. He underwent cervical and mediastinal drainage with closed thoracostomy and antibiotic therapy. Black-pigmente anaerobic nonspore-forming gram-negative bacilli were isolated from the mediastinal pus and were identified as Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens upon performing biochemical tests and API rapid ID 32A (bioMeriux, France) kit. He underwent decortication of the right side because of loculated empyema on 41st postoperative day. He was fully recovered and discharged on the 82nd hospital day. This was thought to be another case of descending necrotizing mediastinitis not caused by peritonsilar abscess but by cellulitis developed after acupuncture. Early deterction of mediastinits and aggressive drainage of mediastinal abscess are important.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.274-281
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• 2004

In this paper, the existing Stokoe type torsional shear equipment is modified to saturate the specimen and measure excess pore water pressure during undrained testing. Two types of sands, Geumgang and Toyoura sands, were collected and TS tests were performed at various densities drainage conditions, and confining pressures. The cyclic threshold shearing strains were estimated based on the variations of shear modulus, material damping ratio and pore pressures with loading cycles. The effects of relative density, confining pressure, and drainage condition on the cyclic threshold shearing strains were investigated.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1999

The effects of polyelectrolytes and enzyme, alone and in combination, were investigated in OCC recycling system. Four types of the polyelectrolytes based on acrylamide, cationic and anionic monomers were applied to the enzyme-treated KOCC stock to improve the strength and drainage properties of testliner. The polyelectrolytes used in this work were designed in terms of molecular weight and charge density. The water conditions used for recycling were also varied. The results showed that the hydrolytic action of enzyme gave reduced surface area and amorphous region of fiber, and as a result, the cationic polymer was lost apparently its flocculating power due to the reduced bonding site of fiber surface. When the hardness and conductivity of water had been controlled to the conditins of OCC paper mill, the application of amphoteric polyelectrolyte to the enzyme-treated recycled stock was the most effective with respect to the strength and drainage properties of testliner.