• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.505-517
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• 2008

A numerical analysis method was studied to predict the nonlinear behavior of slender double skin composite walls. For convenience in numerical analysis, the model for the double skin composite wall was developed as a macroscopic model that can predict nonlinear behavior with relatively simplified models. For the wall showing flexure-dominant behavior, a multiple layer model was used. Each layer was modeled with composite elements of concrete and steel plate. An X-type truss model was used for coupling beams showing shear-dominant behavior. To describe the cyclic behavior of concrete and steel elements, simplified cyclic models for the materials were proposed. The proposed analysis model was applied to isolated walls and coupled walls with rectangular or T-shaped cross-sections. The analytical results were compared with existing test results.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.42 no.5 s.143
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• pp.448-457
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• 2005

The experiment was performed at the large wind tunnel of the Chungnam National University to measure the velocity distribution around the stern of a Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier model. The data, mean velocity vectors of turbulent shear flows at the stern and near-wake including the propeller plane, were obtained by a five-hole Pilot tube for the double body model fixed inside the wind tunnel test section. The present result of the double body model shows a close agreement with the result of the lowing tank experiment performed by the KRISO for the same ship model. The characteristics of the LNG stern flow are discussed based on the measured velocity distribution. The data can be very useful for the validation of some numerical methods in computational fluid dynamics.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2018

Multi-storey precast concrete skeletal structures are assembled from individual prefabricated components which are erected on-site using various types of connections. In the current design of these structures, beam-to-column connections are assumed to be pin jointed. Welded plate beam to-column connections have been used in the precast concrete industry for many years. They have many advantages over other jointing methods in component production, quality control, transportation and assembly. However, there is at present limited information concerning their detailed structural behaviour under bending and shear loadings. The experimental work has involved the determination of moment-rotation relationships for semi-rigid precast concrete connections in full scale connection tests. The study reported in this paper was undertaken to clarify the behaviour of such connections under symmetrical vertical loadings. A series of full-scale tests was performed on sample column for which the column geometry and weld arrangements conformed with successful commercial practice. Proprietary hollow core slabs were tied to the beams by tensile reinforcing bars, which also provide the in-plane continuity across the connections. The strength of the connections in the double sided tests was at least 0.84 times the predicted moment of resistance of the composite beam and slab. The secant stiffness of the connections ranged from 0.7 to 3.9 times the flexural stiffness of the attached beam. When the connections were tested without the floor slabs and tie steel, the reduced strength and stiffness were approximately a third and half respectively. This remarkable contribution of the floor strength and stiffness to the flexural capacity of the joint is currently neglected in the design process for precast concrete frames. In general, the double sided connections were found to be more suited to a semi-rigid design approach than the single sided ones. The behaviour of double sided welded plate connection test results are presented in this paper. The behaviour of single sided welded plate connection test results is the subject of another paper.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.301-311
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• 2020

In this study, shear strength behavior of fine-grained soils was investigated under unsaturated conditions. The samples in the unsaturated state were subjected to a net normal stress (σ-u_a) of 40 kPa and different matric suctions (u_a-u_w) of 50, 100 and 150 kPa. The matric suction values applied in the triaxial tests were selected according to the bubbling pressures determined from the SWC curves. The study was carried out on prepared re-constituted cylindrical samples by uniaxial consolidation of soil slurries. First, consolidated drained (CD) triaxial compression tests were performed on the saturated samples and the cohesion and angle of internal friction were determined. After that, drained triaxial compression tests under matric suctions were performed on the unsaturated samples. In order to obtain unsaturated test results, cohesion and internal friction angle values of saturated samples were used. The nonlinear surface representing the shear strength surface was approximated consisting of two planes (double planar surface). The reason for the nonlinear behavior of some soils is that the amount of sand content contained in it is relatively high and the bubbling pressure/permanent water content value is relatively low.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1275-1303
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• 2016

Steel plates and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates or plates bonded to concrete substrates have been widely used for concrete strengthening. However, this technique cause plate debonding, which makes the strengthening system inefficient. The main objective of this study is to enhance the bond strength of externally bonded steel plates and CFRP laminates to the concrete surface by proposing new embedded adhesive and steel connectors. The effects of these new embedded connectors were investigated through the tests on 36 prism specimens. Parameters such as interfacial shear stress, fracture energy and the maximum strains in plates were also determined in this study and compared with the maximum value of debonding stresses using a relevant failure criterion by means of pullout test. The study indicates that the interfacial bond strength between the externally bonded plates and concrete can be increased remarkably by using these connectors. The investigation verifies that steel connectors increase the shear bond strength by 48% compared to 38% for the adhesive connectors. Thus, steel connectors are more effective than adhesive connectors in increasing shear bond strength. Results also show that the use of double connectors significantly increases interfacial shear stress and decrease debonding failure. Finally, a new proposed formula is modified to predict the maximum bond strength of steel plates and CFRP laminates adhesively glued to concrete in the presence of the embedded connectors.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.273-286
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• 2018

In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing design rules for stainless steel members, while the investigation on bolted connections is relatively limited, in particular at elevated temperatures. In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations on stainless steel bolted connections at ambient and elevated temperatures from the literature were reviewed. Firstly, the research program that focused on structural behavior of cold-formed stainless steel (CFSS) bolted connections at elevated temperatures carried out by the authors were summarized. Over 400 CFSS single shear and double shear bolted connection specimens were tested. The tests were conducted in the temperature ranged from 22 to $950^{\circ}C$ using both steady state and transient state test methods. It is shown that the connection strengths decrease as the temperature increases in the similar manner for the steady state test results and the transient state test results. Generally, the deterioration of the connection strengths showed a similar tendency of reduction to those of the material properties for the same type of stainless steel regardless of different connection types and different configurations. It is also found that the austenitic stainless steel EN 1.4571 generally has better resistance than the stainless steel EN 1.4301 and EN 1.4162 for bolted connections at elevated temperatures. Secondly, extensive parametric studies that included 450 specimens were performed using the verified finite element models. Based on both the experimental and numerical results, bearing factors are proposed for bearing resistances of CFSS single shear and double shear bolted connections that subjected to bearing failure in the temperature ranged from 22 to $950^{\circ}C$. The bearing resistances of bolted connections obtained from the tests and numerical analyses were compared with the nominal strengths calculated from the current international stainless steel specifications, and also compared with the predicted strengths calculated using the proposed design equations. It is shown that the proposed design equations are generally more accurate and reliable than the current design rules in predicting the bearing resistances of CFSS (EN 1.4301, EN 1.4571 and EN 1.4162) bolted connections at elevated temperatures. Lastly, the proposed design rules were further assessed by the available 58 results of stainless steel bolted connections subjected to bearing failure in the literature. It is found that the proposed design rules are also applicable to the bearing resistance design of other stainless steel grades, including austenitic stainless steel (EN 1.4306), ferritic stainless steel (EN 1.4016) and duplex stainless steel (EN 1.4462).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2015

Recently, nine $1397{\times}1397{\times}178mm$ RC panels were tested under in-plane pure-shear monotonic loading condition using the Panel Element Tester by Hsu (1997, ACI). By combining the equilibrium, compatibility, and the softened stress-strain relationship of concrete in biaxial state, Modern Truss Model (MCFT, RA-STM) are capable of producing the nonlinear analysis of RC membrane panel through the complicated trial-and-error method with double loop. In this paper, an efficient algorithm with one loop is proposed for the refined Mohr compatibility Method based on the strut-tie failure criteria. This algorithm can be speedy calculated to analyze the shear history of RC membrane element using the results of Hsu test. The results indicate that the response of shear deformation energy at Big Bang of shear strain significantly influenced by the principal compressive stress-strain (crushing failure).

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.745-750
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• 2000

Steel plate bonding technique is most widely used in strengthening of existing concrete structures, but it has inherently a problem of the premature failure such as interface separation and rip off. So far, many studies have been arid out in the manner of laboratory tests for the reinforced concrete beams to find out he mechanism of the premature failure. However, in order to verify the characteristics of the premature failure, more reasonable local investigations are needed rather than such relatively global experimental works. In this study, therefore, the double lap test which simulate the pure shear loadings and the half beam tests which consider combined flexure-shear force have been done. There are, however, difficulties in getting the normal stress caused to premature failure, so that finite element analysis was performed, too. In numerical study, material nonlinearity was considered, and the interface element was applied to model the interface between steel plate and adhesive. From the results of experimental and numerical studies, a realistic failure criterion on the separation of steel plates has been derived.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.493-507
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• 2016

Scaled model tests were performed to investigate the stability of a foundation located above limestone cavities. Cavity shape was assumed to be an ellipse having 1/3 for the ratio of minor to major axis lengths. 12 different test models which have various depths, locations, inclinations, sizes and numbers of cavity were experimented and they were classified into 5 different groups. Crack initiation pressure, maximum pressure, deformation behaviors, failure modes and subsidence profiles of test models were obtained, and then the influences of those parameters on the foundation stability were investigated. No cavity model showed a general shear failure, whereas the models including various cavities showed the complicated three different failure modes which were only punching failure, both punching and shear failures, and double shear failure. The stability of foundation was found to be decreased as the cavity was located at shallower depth, the size and number of cavity were increased. Differential settlements appeared when the cavity was located under the biased part of foundation. Furthermore, subsidence profiles were found to depend on the distribution of underground cavities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2012

Existing shear wall system may cause ductility fallen to the structure which it is on because relatively weak concrete core would easy to be damaged. In this study, steel hysteresis dampers whose stiffness is higher than existing coupling beam and whose strength is easy to change depending on design load was used in coupling beam. The steel hysteresis damper was proposed for the shape connected in double in series, from this, several static test were conducted to verify structural performance of the damper. FEM analysis was also performed, then design equation were suggested.