• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.567-577
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• 2000

In human body, catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, can be increased anxiety, blood pressure and pain etc. The inhibitory effects of TENS, electroacupuncture and massage on the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings has already been known. However, the effects of silver spike point stimulation on the catecholamines was not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the SSP-induced inhibitory effects of catecholamines. The following results were obtained. (1) The studies on urinary catecholamines released that the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine of continue type SSP stimulation group were significantly lower than those in the control group in human in vivo. (2) The dose-response curves of epinephrine and norepinephrine in rat aortic smooth muscle strips were increased dose dependent manner respectively. However, the contractile response of norepinephrine in rat aortic smooth muscle strips were slightly differentiated. It is concluded that the SSP stimulation reflects to the inhibitory effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in men. Especially, we believe that the amplitude-frequency modulation, such as continue type a)1d frequency modulation type, of SSP stimulation plays a role in regulating catecholamines.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.123-133
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• 2007

하지 정맥류 질환 환자를 대상으로 하지 정맥조영술 MDCT 검사에서 환자의 피폭선량을 최소화 하면서 최적의 진단영상을 묘출하기 위해 고정 관전류 기법과 Z-축 자동 관전류 변동 제어를 이용하여 CTDIvol(CT dose index volume), DLP(dose length product) 산출을 통한 영상의 노이즈를 측정하여 비교하였다. Monte Carlo simulation으로 200, 250, 300 mA에서 CTDIw, CTDIvol, DLP를 계산하여 고정 관전류 기법과 비교하였다. 고정 관전류 기법의 대상 환자는 50명(평균 나이, 46세; 연령 범위, 35-61세)으로 남성30명, 여성 20명 이었고, 평균 체중은 62.4 kg 이었다. Z-축 자동 관전류 변동 제어 대상 환자는 50명(평균 나이, 43세; 범위, 37-63세)으로 남성25명, 여성 25명 이었고 평균 체중은 60.1 kg 이었다. 고정 관전류 기법은 200, 250, 300 mA를 기준으로 하고, Z-축 자동 관전류 변동 제어는 노이즈 지수 10, 11, 12 HU에서 관전류 $70{\sim}450\;mA$ 범위 내에서 자동으로 선택하였다. 고정 관전류 기법과 Monte Carlo simulation 비교에서 200 mA에서의 CTDIvol은 차이가 없었으나, 250 mA, 300 mA 에서의 Monte Carlo simulation는 높았고, DLP는 모든 관전류에서 Monte Carlo simulation이 높게 측정 되었다. 노이즈는 고정 관전류에서 최소 $9.8{\pm}0.9\;HU$, 최대 $12.5{\pm}0.7\;HU$ 이었고, Z-축 자동 관전류 변동 제어에서는 최소 $11.3{\pm}0.8\;HU$, 최대 $12.9{\pm}0.7\;HU$이었다. Z-축 자동 관전류 변동 제어에서 노이즈 지수가 증가하면 CTDIvol과 DLP가 감소하였으나 노이즈는 증가하였다. 생식부위를 포함하는 하지 정맥조영술에서 Z-축 자동 관전류 변동 제어 방법이 고정 관전류 기법에 비해 선량을 감소하는 효과가 있었다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2021

Background: Computed tomography (CT) is one of the crucial diagnostic tools in modern medicine. However, careful monitoring of radiation dose for CT patients is essential since the procedure involves ionizing radiation, a known carcinogen. Materials and Methods: The most desirable CT dose descriptor for risk analysis is the organ absorbed dose. A variety of CT organ dose calculators currently available were reviewed in this article. Results and Discussion: Key common elements included in CT dose calculators were discussed and compared, such as computational human phantoms, CT scanner models, organ dose database, effective dose calculation methods, tube current modulation modeling, and user interface platforms. Conclusion: It is envisioned that more research needs to be conducted to more accurately map CT coverage on computational human phantoms, to automatically segment organs and tissues for patient-specific dose calculations, and to accurately estimate radiation dose in the cone beam computed tomography process during image-guided radiation therapy.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2013

Our purpose is to present a novel technique for delivering craniospinal irradiation in the supine position using a perfect match, field-in-field (FIF) intrafractional feathering, and simple forward-optimization technique. To achieve this purpose, computed tomography simulation was performed with patients in the supine position. Half-beam, blocked, opposed, lateral, cranial fields with a collimator rotation were matched to the divergence of the superior border of an upper-spinal field. Fixed field parameters were used, and the isocenter of the upper-spinal field was placed at the same source-to-axis distance (SAD), 20 cm inferior to the cranial isocenter. For a lower-spinal field, the isocenter was placed 40 cm inferior to the cranial isocenter at a constant SAD. Both gantry and couch rotations for the lower-spinal field were used to achieve perfect divergence match with the inferior border of the upper-spinal field. A FIF technique was used to feather the craniospinal and spinal-spinal junction daily by varying the match line over 2 cm. The dose throughout the target volume was modulated using the FIF simple forward optimization technique to obtain homogenous coverage. Daily, image-guided therapy was used to assure and verify the setup. This supine-position, perfect match craniospinal irradiation technique with FIF intrafractional feathering and dose modulation provides a simple and safe way to deliver treatment while minimizing dose inhomogeneity.

• 대한방사선방어학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한방사선방어학회 2011년도 추계 학술발표회 및 심포지엄
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• pp.208-209
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• 2011

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.421-426
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• 2011

본 연구는 CR영상에서 선량이 화질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기위해 수행되었다. 본 연구의 궁극적인 목적은 임상 흉부진단에 필요한 영상화질을 얻을 수 있는 최적 선량을 찾는 것이다. 영상화질 평가를 위해서 다양한 선량에서의 MTF, NNPS, 그리고 NEQ를 측정하였으며, MTF 측정과 실험장치 구성은 International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)에서 제시한 절차에 따라 수행하였다. 실험 결과를 통해 흉부진단의 경우 자동노출조절 (Automatic Exposure Control, AEC) 제어반에서 자동으로 설정해주는 선량의 절반 선량으로도 필요한 영상화질이 얻어짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 AEC에서 제시하는 선량이 최적 선량이 아니며 화질평가를 통해서 얻어진 최적 선량을 사용하면 환자의 피폭을 상당량 줄일 수 있음을 보였다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2011

Table strapis patient fixture for securing the patient movements and falls. if it designed to measure the abdominal circumference and used as an indicator of dose selection at CT scan. it will prevent the overexposure of dose without degradation of image quality and efficiently manage dose of each type of body to technician to deal with CT. First, in order to compare the dose used in CT image and qualitative characteristics. reference image is obtained by examining the abdominal phantom in same conditions with the hospital 120 kVp, 200 mAs, D-Dom (Dynamic Dose Of Modulation). SNR, PSNR, RMSE, MAE, CTDIvol of CT images are compared with reference image. for comparing with reference image, the image that Umbilicus level image of Abdomen CT is stored in the PACS were used. For comparison, the top 12 o'clock portion of the air drawn from the same ROI was measured. CTDIvol, mAs, etc. In order to analyze the characteristics of the image, by measuring the length of the umbilicus circumference, pattern of the dose was analyzed. by using the analyzed perimeter and dose information, To be identified visually, fixed band that scale marked were produced. Use them, If the length of circumference of less than 60 cm 100 mAs, Case of 61~80 cm 120 mAs, Case of 80~100 cm 150 mAs, more than 100 cm 200 mAs, dose selection based on the perimeter, the image was applied. by compare analyzed with the Reference Image, image quality was assessed. by compare with existing tests that equally 200 mAs applied, How much was confirmed that the dose reduction. 1. Depending on the Abdominal circumference, the average PSNR(dB) of the image that differently dose applied was 45.794. 2. Comparing with existing test. the dose of scan that adjusted the mAs depending on the circumference was decreased about 40%. SNR and PSNR of the image that obtained by adjusting the standard mAs based on dose modulation were not much different. Therefore, By choosing a low mAs. dose reduction can be obtained. and the dose selection method that measured Abdominal circumference using a fixed band can protect the overexposure and uniformly apply dose of each type of body to technician to deal with CT.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1997

방사선치료에서 three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) 에 접근하는 방법으로 조사하는 방향에 따라 선량의 강도를 조절함으로서 암조직에만 집중적으로 선량을 조사하며 주위 정상조직에는 최소의 선량이 조사되도록 하는 방법으로 1990년대부터 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center를 중심으로 연구되었다. 암조직의 치료부피를 최적화하기 위하여 암조직의 모양에 따라 선량분포곡선이 이루는 치료용적이 종양용적과 같아야 한다. 이러한 3DCRT는 암조직에 집중적으로 선량을 조사할 수 있어서 중요장기들의 한계선량을 유지하면서 암조직에 조사되는 선량을 20％ 정도 증가시킬수 있다. 방사선치료의 궁극적인 목적이 종양부위에 균등한 치유선량이 도달되게하고 병변 부위의 정상조직의 손상을 최소가 되게 하는 것이며, 이러한 수행을 위하여 CT planning 등을 이용하여 치료계획을 수립하여 치료용적과 종양용적을 거의 같게 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 조사하는 부위에서 선량의 강도를 조절하여 암조직의 치료용적을 최적화하는 3DCRT를 얻는 것을 목적으로 폐암환자에서 강도 조절법을 사용한 치료계획에서 일반적인 치료계획을 시행한 경우를 비교하면 종양용적에 접근한 치료계획과 정상조직에 대한 선량 감소를 보여주고 있으며, 직장암 환자에서도 두 치료계획에서 선량분포가 잘 비교가 됨을 볼 수 있다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.25-39
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• 2021

Brachytherapy, along with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), is an essential and effective radiation treatment process. In brachytherapy, in contrast to EBRT, the radiation source is radioisotopes. Because these isotopes can be positioned inside or near the tumor, it is possible to protect other organs around the tumor while delivering an extremely high-dose of treatment to the tumor. Brachytherapy has a long history of more than 100 years. In the early 1900s, the radioisotopes used for brachytherapy were only radium or radon isotopes extracted from nature. Over time, however, various radioisotopes have been artificially produced. As radioisotopes have high radioactivity and miniature size, the application of brachytherapy has expanded to high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Recently, advanced treatment techniques used in EBRT, such as image guidance and intensity modulation techniques, have been applied to brachytherapy. Three-dimensional images, such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography are used for accurate delineation of treatment targets and normal organs. Intensity-modulated brachytherapy is anticipated to be performed in the near future, and it is anticipated that the treatment outcomes of applicable cancers will be greatly improved by this treatment's excellent dose delivery characteristics.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.214-215
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• 2002

Generally uniform dose distribution is assumed to be formed in a target region when a conventional dose formation method using a broad proton beam, a fixed modulation technique, a bolus and an aperture is employed. However, actual situations differ. We usually find non-uniformity in the target region. This is due to the insertion of a range-compensating bolus before the patient. Since the range-compensating bolus has an irregular shape, the scattering in the bolus depends on the lateral position. Dose distribution is overlapping results of dose distribution of pencil-proton beams traversing different lateral positions of the bolus. The lateral extent of dose distribution of each pencil beam traversing the different position differs each other at the same depth in the target object. This is a cause of the non-uniformity of the dose distribution. Therefore the same lateral extent of dose distribution should be attained for different pencil beams at the same depth to obtain a uniform dose distribution. For that purpose, we propose here a bi-material bolus. The bi-material bolus consists of a low-Z material determining mainly the range loss and a high-Z material defining mainly the scattering in the bolus. After passing through the bi-material bolus, protons traversing different lateral positions will have different residual range yet with the same lateral spread at a certain depth. Using the optimized bi-material bolus, we can obtain a more uniform dose distribution in the target region as expected.