• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.67-77
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to reveal the wood joinery technique in the ancient era. Joinery is one of the core techniques in constructing timber frame architecture in the Korean peninsula. These techniques can be revealed by examining wooden members of ancient buildings. The members were excavated at the Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, the historic site in Gyeongju. This study collects the data of 284 members excavated at the Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond and analyzes the details such as length, thickness, width, joint types, joint shapes. With the result of the analysis, this study tries to indicate the level of wood joinery techniques in ancient buildings.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.262-270
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• 2019

The stable isotopic composition of bone collagen plays an important role in reconstructing palaeodiet, nutrition, palaeoenvironment and their lifestyle. This is the first case in extracting palaeodietary information and breastfeeding pattern of Goryeo people using stable isotope analysis due to the lack of human remains in this period. We analyzed human bone collagen excavated from Gyeongju Donggung palace and Wolji pond No.3. The average values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N are as follows: (δ¹³C(‰) = -19.5 ± 0.9‰, δ¹⁵N(‰) = 11.1 ± 1.1 ‰, (n = 4). Stable carbon isotope values shows a mainly C₃ based diet such as rice and barley. Stable nitrogen isotope results implies the protein sources attributed to terrestrial animals. There are various age groups in this study, which are adult, child and infant. Two individuals within early childhood age ranges (< 3 years) shows more elevated δ¹⁵N values than that of adult and this result implies the continuation of breastfeeding in this group until the age of 3. The results provide new insight into the breastfeeding pattern of Goryeo people, where breastfeeding and weaning practices have important implication for fertility, population dynamics, migration pattern and disease.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2015

After the great King Munmu constructed Donggung-palace and Wolji-pond in 674, original landscape could not be estimated due to lack of related materials for some 1,250 years until it was surveyed in 1922. Accordingly, the study, to estimate changes of Wolji-pond landscape more accurately, analyzed the study of Hara(1932) and pictures in the Japanese ruling period etc. - these had not been studied so far. The study results are as follows. As a result of comparing survey maps of 1922 and one of 1975, it was found that during 53 years, whole area excluding island showed eroded part by 2~4m, severely, there was mounding area which was lowered by 10m. And it was identified through survey map of 1922 and pictures of the 1950's that inside southern shore protection of the No. 1 construction site were many landscape-stones(景石) which can make imagine a hill; here was water path. Trace of such path etc. remained just before excavation. 2) The construction site No. 3 and 5 in peak shape were higher than construction site No. 1, 2, and 4. Accordingly, there is high possibility that construction stood on high stylobate. So it is wrong that construction site No. 3 and 5 are restored in same height as other construction sites. Comprehensive restoration basic plan made in 2012 was also wrong. As a result of estimating changes of landscape through pictures before excavation of Wolji-pond, the author could identify changes of landscape in mound area and pumice stones which showed much changes in drawing. The study has limit due to lack of space. But if more pictures can be analyzed, it could further help for estimating original landscape of Wolji-pond.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.102-118
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• 2022

Gyeongju, the capital of Silla, is the very essence of the culture and technology of the thousand-year-reign of Silla. However, few studies have been conducted on the landscape sites of the capital of Silla other than Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, due to the lack of related data. Therefore, this study examined the construction characteristics and nature of the garden pond in Guhwang-dong, whose complete appearance was identified through excavation following Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond. Since the excavation of the garden pond in Guhwang-dong, Gyeongju, there have been disagreements in academia as to whether it is a palace pond or a temple pond of Bunhwangsa Temple. Considering the unique characteristic of the garden pond that it is divided into two periods, it was interpreted that it would have functioned as a ritual facility related to Ryong (oriental dragon) belief in the 6th to 7th centuries, the first period, and as a garden pond with enhanced landscaping functions in the 8th to 9th centuries, the second period. In addition, it is highly probable that it was the site of Cheongyeongung Palace (青淵宮) and Jochujeong Pavilion (造秋亭) mentioned in the literature records. The "ㄹ"- shaped waterway, a characteristic facility of the first period, was found; however, considering its width and depth, it is insufficient to conclude that it was a simple drainage facility. Rather, it is more likely that it functioned as a passageway for the conceptual entry of Ryong during Ryong rituals. Furthermore, some have suggested that it may have been a ceremony-related Yusang-goksu (流觴曲水) facility. These facilities related to Ryong rituals were reorganized in the second period. Specifically, the nature of the garden pond was changed centered on the landscaping function in connection with the addition of a curved revetment, garden stone, and pavilion buildings, and the dismantlement of the "ㄹ"-shaped waterway and hexagonal building. As for nature, it can be regarded as a royal facility in terms of decorative elements including the ritual function of the first period and the gwimyeonwa (ghost face tiles) of the second period. Judging from the fact that the upper part of the embankment adjacent to the west side of the site was removed, it is very apparent that the main building was located on the upper part of the embankment. There would not have been a large-scale building site because it served the functions of ritual and recreation, rather than being the residence of the king.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.124-141
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• 2019

This research explored the relationship between the water quality issue of Wolji Pond (Anapji Pond) with the maintenance of the channel flow circulation system. The water supply and drainage system closely related to the circulation system of pond has been reviewed, rather than the existing water supply and drainage system that has been analyzed in previous studies. As a result of reviewing the water supply system, it has been learned that the water supply system on the southeastern shore of Wolji Pond, being the current water supply hole, has been connected to the east side garden facility (landscaping stone, curved waterway, storage facility of water) between the north and south fence and the waterway. This separate facility group seems to have been a subject of the investigation of the eastern side of Wolji Pond, with the landscaping stones having been identified in the 1920's survey drawings. The water supply facility on the southeastern shore, being the suspected water supply hole, seems to have some connection with the granite waterway remaining on the building site of Imhaejeon (臨海殿) on the southern side of Wolji Pond. It is inferred that it provides clean water, seeing that the slope towards the southwestern shore of Wolji Pond becomes lower, the landscaping stones have been placed in the filter area, and it is present in the 1920's survey drawings and the water supply hole survey drawing of 1975. The water drainage facility on the northern shore is composed of five stages. The functions of the wooden waterway and the rectangular stone water catchment facility seem not to be only for the water drainage of Wolji Pond. In light of the points that there are wood plugs in the wooden waterway and that there is a water catchment facility in the final stage, it is judged that the water of Balcheon Stream (撥川) may be charged in reverse according to this setup. Namely, the water could enter and exit in either direction in the water drainage facility on the northern shore It also seems that the supply to the wooden waterway could be opened and shut through the water catchment facility of rectangular stone group as well. The water drainage facility on the western shore is very similar to the water drainage facility on the northern shore, so it is difficult to avoid the belief that it existed during the Silla Dynasty, or it has been produced by imitating the water drainage facility on the northern shore at some future point in time. It seems to have functioned as the water drainage facility for the supply of agricultural water during the Joseon Dynasty. The water supply and drainage facilities in Wolji Pond have been understood as a systematized distribution network that has been intertwined organically with the facility of Donggung Palace, which was the center of the Silla capital. Water has been supplied to each facility group, including Wolji Pond, through this structure; it includes the drainage system connecting to the Namcheon River (南川) through the Balcheon Stream, which was an important canal of the capital center.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer raw data regarding landscape plantings of traditional cultural heritages by surveying and analysing the actual flora and landscape planting species distributed in Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju, Korea. The results are as follows. The flora were summarized as 149 taxa including 65 families, 117 genera, 134 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties and 4 forms. The naturalized plants were of 18 taxa including Rumex crispus, Trifolium repens, Ailanthus altissima, Veronica persica, Senecio vulgaris, Festuca myuros and the like. Invasive species included Rumex acetosella. As a result of the analysis of chronological changes in landscape planting species, 23 taxa were planted in 1979, whereas 48 taxa were planted in 2014. Therefore, the number of these species increased by 25 taxa. The landscape planting species were of 48 taxa including 6 taxa of evergreen trees, 2 taxa of evergreen shrubs, 27 taxa of deciduous trees, 12 taxa of deciduous shrubs and 1 taxa of other. In present conditions by sections, Section A was 25 taxa, 15 taxa of Section B, 13 taxa of Section C and 29 taxa of Section D. The species planted in common were 4 taxa including Pinus densiflora, Acer palmatum, Euonymus alatus and Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense. The problems in the present conditions of landscape planting were volunteer species, the occurrence of scrub and vines and the spread of invasive alien plants. To restore and improve the planting landscape and facilitate tree growth, scrub, volunteer species and invasive alien plants must be removed.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.68
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• pp.145-171
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• 2017

This study aims to clarify the meaning of the Anapji which was one of the scenic places of historical interest during Silla Dynasty and of the Anapbupyeong(雁鴨浮萍) which was one of the greatest seven miracles (Dong-do-chil-gue(東都七怪) through appearance of the Anapji in poems. Anapji lies its original meanings on Anhaji(安夏池) and then it was shortened to Anji(雁池), apji(鴨池) while Dongho(東湖) has also been called since it is located in the South of Gyeongju. As of July 2011, the Ministry of Culture officially renamed Anapji and Imhaejeon Hall Site(臨海殿址) as the palace of Crown Prince-Gyonegju Donggung(慶州 東宮) and Wolji(月池) (Historical Site No. 18) and Wolji became the current name. While pond was made during Munmu of Silla, the name Anapji did not exist. Kim Si-Seup (1465~1471) in the early Chosun period referred to the pond as Anhaji(安夏池) and its name started being called as Anapji in the Geography of Korea (Sinjeung dongguk yeoji seungnam,(新增東國輿地勝覽)(Jungjong 25, 1530). Though modern scholar states that it was being called Anapji since there are always many ducks and wild geese in the pond, they fails to present the literature evidences. The author found the line in the poem -Anapji composed by writer Kim Chul Woo, which means that a wild duck and water bird get in and off the pond on their own and the record saying which means Dong-ho(東湖) from the phrase of Dongho-saw-sar-gi(東湖書社記) of Lee Su In(李樹仁)(1739-1822)-Confucian Scholar of Gyeongju was created due to the fact that many wild geese and ducks are flying over. Based on the facts foresaid, the literature evidences for the name of Anapji are presented in the paper. Anapji is a combined word between the Anapbupyeong(雁鴨浮萍) which is a flooding weed and Dong-do-chil-gue(東都七怪). Dong-do-chil-gue is an ancient form of Modern Eight Scenic Views. Eight Scenic Views -Gyeongju Parlgyong is just well-known as scenic places without grotesque elements Dong-do-chil-gue had before. However, the author also found the passage of Ilseongnok: Records of Daily Reflections saying that Anapji has a clod that is as wide as rock(盤石) and the clod also has moneywort on, which are undulating in the wind and clarified how the Anapbupyeong became one of the one of the greatest-seven miracles Dong-do-chil-gue and why the Anapbupyeong frequently appears in the poems of many writers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze restoration techniques of traditional garden sites targeted Korean, Chinese, Japanese palace garden. Restoration was divided into the restore foundation and restore individual elements depending on the residual state of the actual garden features. And derived characteristics that should be considered by conservation techniques. The results are as follows; First, the Wanfo Pavilion Area in Beihai Park where the foundation and foundation stones were restored based on the relevant literature and comparative analysis. The Archaeological Site in Gwanbuk-ri, Buyeo restored only the remaining structures of the ponds, waterways and large buildings among the areas where the excavation was completed. The Second Daigokuden Garden in Heijokyo Palace restored building sites and foundation, and installed poles and piles so that the area of the Second Daigokuden Garden could be known. Second, Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, Gyeongju where the restoration of individual elements was made, preemptively restored the remains of traditional gardens based on pond garden estuaries and feedbacks that were confirmed through initial excavation. Huanghuazhen Area in Yuanmingyuan Garden was restored based on Western copper plate prints and related records, but further data found after the restoration confirmed that it was restored differently than it is now. East Palace Garden in Heijokyo Palace covered existing features with soil and restored buildings on them. Typical garden elements such as landscape stone and waterways were preserved and exposed. Third, foundation restore is a case in which the base is identified through the current state of the traditional garden site, it is important to restore the foundation first and secure the territoriality when there is no restoration plan for the elevation structure or size of the garden relics. Restoration of individual garden elements requires careful examination of the literature by limiting the restoration of objects that can be restored through the examination of the literature for each element, such as some buildings or facilities in the traditional garden site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 2018

The study is aimed at establishing basic data to identify the original forms of the garden in Unbo's House. Through interviews and related data comparison analysis the ideas and major events of the person involved in establishing a garden in Unbo's House. Also, derived the direct and indirect effects of these people on gardening. The results are as follows: First, Those directly related to garden in Unbo's House are representative figures of cultural heritage and traditional art in Korea. Based on their expertise and abundant experience in traditional spaces, they contributed greatly to the creation of Unbo's House as a traditional space. Unbo Kim, Gi-Chang who directly influenced Unbo's House gardening, which affected the site selection, location, and the installation of major garden plant plants and traditional landscaping facilities. Hyegok Choi, Soon-Woo recommended Wabon Kim, Dong-Hyun at the request of Kim Ki-Chang and was involved in the overall plan. Housing design, space design and design of major facilities such as pond were confirmed Wabon Kim Dong-Hyun. Second, Kim, Gi-Chang's wife Jeong, Rae-Hyun, who motived to construct a garden. Nosan Lee, Eun-Sang and Korean artist Lee, Seok-Ho were created a signboard and board of the Pillar to encourage simple life in paintings. The themes of the article motived image as creative. In addition, Kim, Hyeong-Sik and Kim, Wan who son of Unbo, has been with Unbo for a long time, watching and influencing garden changes in Unbo's House. Third, The main factors that influenced the garden by character are as follows. Unbo Kim, Ki-Chang had a thorough record-setting spirit and his longing for his mother and wife affected the selection of the site and setting the direction of the garden. His art world with the symbolic emphasis of traditional landscapes, including traditional facilities, and especially plant materials. Choi, Sun-Woo reflected his traditional consciousness and experience in the construction of Unbo's House. Kim, Dong-Hyun applied the basic framework of a traditional building based on Yeonkyongdang hall in Changdeokgung palace. He also reflected on the traditional landscaping design the facilities of ponds acquired through excavation of Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, Gyeongju. Nosan Lee, Eun-Sang and Lee, Seok-Ho completed their unique place in Unbo's House. Kim, Hyung-Sik was involved in the process of changing, while Kim Wan ran the Unbo's House which he inherited from Kim, Ki-Chang.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.226-256
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• 2023

Gyeongju has been the capital of Silla Kingdom for about 1,000 years, and many cultural heritages of the Silla period, such as the Wolseong Palace Site, Daereungwon Ancient Tomb Complex and Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, are located in the city. Due to these characteristics, the process of heritagization has been carried out in Gyeongju from the Japanese colonial era to after liberation. Heritagization means selecting things from the past due to the needs of the present and making them heritages. In the case of South Korea, national government-led heritagization was achieved during the Japanese colonial period, and after liberation because of the restoration of national culture and the construction of a national identity. Gyeongju is a representative example. On the other hand, Gyeongju's heritagization process was carried out with little consideration of the local community, and thus the local community and Gyeongju's heritage have been distancing. In 2002, Gyeongju's heritage sites were nominated as World Heritage Sites. With the nomination, the perception of the role of local communities in heritage has been changed, and institutional mechanisms to promote the participation of local communities have been continuously reorganized. However, Gyeongju's heritagization process, which was thoroughly conducted through the central government and expert groups, was the reason why Gyeongju residents actually thought Gyeongju's heritage and the locality of Gyeongju were formed through the central government and expert groups. This has been the result of Gyeongju residents' passive participation in heritagization or heritage management to date. This study analyzed the heritagization process of Gyeongju through literature research and conducted an interview survey of residents who have lived in Gyeongju for a long time to understand the impact of the institutional heritagization process on residents and the relationship with heritage. Based on the analysis results, it was suggested that local residents and communities could take the initiative in managing the heritage of Gyeongju.