• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1644-1649
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• 2009

This study investigates the buffering effects of calcium salts in kimchi on the total acidity, microbial population, and dextransucrase activity. Calcium chloride or calcium carbonate was added to dongchimi-kimchi, a watery radish kimchi, and the effects on various biochemical attributes were analyzed. The addition of 0.1% calcium chloride produced a milder decrease in the pH after 24 days of incubation, which allowed the lactic acid bacteria to survive longer than in the control. In particular, the heterofermentative Leuconostoc genus population was 10-fold higher than that in the control. When sucrose and maltose were also added along with the calcium salts, the dextransucrase activity in the kimchi was elevated and a higher concentration of isomaltooligosaccharides was synthesized when compared with the control. Calcium chloride was determined as a better activator compound of dextransucrase than calcium carbonate, probably because of its higher solubility. Therefore, the results of this study confirm the ability of the proposed approach to modulate the kimchi fermentation process and possibly enhance the quality of kimchi based on the addition of dietary calcium salts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2002

As a functional additive for intestinal microflora, panose ($6^2-{\alpha}$-D-glucopyranosylmaltose) was synthesized during kimchi fermentation using the glucose transferring reaction of glucansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. For the glucose transferring reaction, sucrose and maltose were added ($2\%$ each, w/v) to dongchimi-kimchi as the glucosyl donor and acceptor molecule, respectively. After five days of incubation at $10^{\circ}C$, referring to the initial phase for the production of lactic acid in kimchi, over $60\%$ (w/v) of the total sugars were converted into panose and other branched oligosaccharides. Thereafter, the kimchi was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and the amount of panose remained at a constant level for three weeks, thereby indicating the stability of panose to microbial degradation during the period of kimchi consumption. The use of maltose as the acceptor molecule in the kimchi also facilitated a lower viscosity in the kimchi-juice by preventing the synthesis of a dextran-like polymer which caused an unfavorable taste. Accordingly, the application of this new method of simultaneous biocatalytic synthesis of oligosaccharides during lactate fermentation should facilitate the extensive development of new function-added lactate foods.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.477-487
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• 2014

This study aimed to develop a new commercialization model for theindustrialization of head family food as a gentry families' complex food culture product. We tried to develop a head family food and propose a city sightseeing style's head family product by interviews with 'Hakindang' as the center, the head house of the Suwon Baek clan, and Injaegong group in Jeonjoo. Hakindang (in Jeonju) was confirmed as an improved model Korean-style house in the enlightenment period and the twentieth style modern head family as emerging capitalist. Hakindangsupported independence war funds in the Japanese colonial era and was widely known as gate of filial piety in Jeonju. Representative seasonal foods of Hakindang include pan-fried sweet rice cake with flower petals in the spring, hot spicy meat stew and polypus variabilis in summer, hanchae in autumn, and napa cabbage kimchi with salted flatfish seafood in the winter. When parents-in-law had a birthday, there were party noodles, sliced abalone stuffed with pine nuts, brass chafing dish, fish eggs, slices of blilde meat, and matnaji. Daily, there were mainly salted seafood, slices of raw fish, grilled short rib patties, braised fish, baked fish, syruped chestnut, grilled deodeok root, bean sprouts, radish preserved with salt, dongchimi, soy sauce-marinated horseshoe crab, butterbur, perilla seed stew, salted clams, raw bamboo shoot, agar, fried kelp, etc. The most basic virtue of the head family is filial duty, and they developed mosim dining as a representative food of Hakingdang's head family. The mosim menu is composed of 65% carbohydrates, 20% protein, and 15% fat because it is table for parents-in-law like more than 75 years old. The sensory evaluation showed a chewy texture that is easily swallowed.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.439-444
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• 1995

Preparative conditions and characteristics of six-vegetable and fruit juice were studied for the effects of mixing ratio, heat treatment and addition of sugar, salt and organic acid. The vegetables and fruit used were carrot(Ct), cabbage(Cg), pear(Pr), cucumber(Cr), celery(Cy) and dongchimi(Di). From the sensory results of mixing ratio of three of binary mixtures of Cg-Pr(1:3):Ct-Di(1:4):Cr-Cy(3:1), two ratios of 5.0:2.5:2.5(V-6A) and 6.0:2.0:2.0(V-6B) were suggested optimal for six-vegetable and fruit juice. Addition of 2% sucrose and 0.3% NaCl improved the preference significantly. The pH 4.0 for V-6A and pH 3.5 for V-6B were more prefered when pH was adjusted by citric acid. Heating the juice at $100^{\circ}C$ for 100 minutes slightly decreased pH and increased the acidity. Total solids and viscosity were also decreased by heating. All of those changes were more significant in V-6B than V-6A, probably due to lower pH. Heating the juice resulted in a slight decrease in L value and an increase in a and b values. Heating at $100^{\circ}C$ caused an increase in moldy flavor and a decrease in fresh vegetable flavor while heating at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes changed them little.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to examine intake patterns and preferences for Kimchi in middle school students. The subjects included 361 male and 325 female students in Masan City. For the frequency of Kimchi intake, the largest group consisted of students who ate Kimchi at every meal, with 51.6%, and the majority of them had seven or more pieces of Kimchi per meal. In addition, 50.4% viewed Kimchi as an indispensable dish; and of those who consumed Kimchi at every meal, two kinds of Kimchi would be served. Ggodeulppaegi-Kimchi and Yangbachu-Kimchi were the least preferred types, while Baechu-Kimchi was most preferred, followed by Kakduki and Dongchimi. Furthermore, ripe Kimchi was considered more preferred by 44.9% of the students, and the males had greater preferences for fresh Kimchi (36.0%) as compared to the females (26.8%). Regarding their favorite portion of the Kimchi, students who ate Kimchi at every meal were fond of every part; while 36.6% of the males preferred the top portion and 42.5% of the females preferred the whole portion of Kimchi. The degree of ripeness (39.9%) was selected as the most crucial factor in determining taste, and 49.1% of the subjects preferred a spicy taste. The students who ate Kimchi at every meal liked properly seasoned Kimchi (56.6%), of which 79.4% preferred spicy Kimchi; although they did not like excessively hot Kimchi products. Finally, 37.5% of the subjects identified salted shrimp as their favorite fish sauce.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.338-352
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• 1999

This research was carried to investigate the food preference of students, from elementary school, middle school, high school, university and industrial workers on Jinju, Sacheon and Jinyang by age and sex. The results were obtained as follows. In case of rice as the stationary food, plain white boiled rice showed the highest preference among all the groups. Most of groups liked most of one-dish meals such as kimbab, fried rice with kimchi, dumplings and bibimbab, especially the elementary school students and middle school students. On the other hand, high percentage of industrial workers disliked the western food such as pizza, hamburger and sphagetti. Most of subjects liked jajangmun, nangmun and bibimgooksu as noodles. As the side dishes generally they prefer the soup to stew. Male prefer the soup with beef and female prefer soup with vegetables. Stew with kimchi and stew with soybean paste showed high preference among most of groups. Most of broil food showed high preference, and students prefer meat to fish as broil cooking materials especially younger students. As a general they liked soybean sprout, spinach and wild sesame leaf as namul cooking method and they liked korean cabbage kimchi, chonggak kimchi, kackdoogi and dongchimi as kimchi. As a dessert subjects liked most of fruits and they liked yoghurt, fruit juice, milk, sikhae and soda as drinks generally. On the other hand snacks such as cooky, candy, cake, corn, rice cake, sweet potato have the lowest percentage preferance as a dessert, but students from elementary schools showed the highest preferance to sweet such as cooky, cake and candy than any other group. These food preferance results showed some nutritional problems especially young age students. They should eat more green-yellow vegetables, liver food and dried small sardine and they should reduce snacks such as candy and cooky and soda drinks. Therefore it is necessary to conduct nutrition education by parents, teachers and dietician together to improve their food habits and their health.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.456-462
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• 1999

동치미에서 분리한 유산균 Leuconostoc mesenteroides와 Lactobacillus brevis를 무주스에 접종하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 2일간 혼합 배양하여 $65^{\circ}C$와 8$0^{\circ}C$에서 각각 30분, 15분으로 열처리하여 25, 15, 5$^{\circ}C$에서 8주동안 저장하면서 품질변화를 조사하였다. 열처리한 무주스에서는 미생물이 전혀 검출되지 않아 모두 사멸되었음을 알수 있었으며 이화학적 품질의 변화가 거의 일어나지 않았으나, 열처리를 하지 않은 무주스의 경우는 저장온도가 높을수록 저장기간이 길어질수록 pH는 빠르게 감소하고 산소는 빠르게 증가하였다. 그러나 탁도는 열처리하지 않은 경우 5$^{\circ}C$에서는 발효가 지연되어 열처리한 무주스보다 탁도가 낮게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과를 보면 8$0^{\circ}C$에서 15분 처리한 무주스는 신선한 동치미향이 감소하고 익은맛이 증가하므로 가열살균조건으로는 적합하지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 열처리하지 않고 5$^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 무주스가 가장 좋게 평가되었다. 열처리하지 않은 무주스는 5$^{\circ}C$에서 8주 이상 저장이 가능할 것으로 보여진다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.253-261
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• 1981

Fermented foods available in Korea may be classified into four groups, namely, fermented soybean products, fermented cereal products, fermented vegetable products, and fermented fishery products based on raw materials used. The representative fermented foods based on soybean are Kanjang(soysauce), Doenjang(fermented soybean pastes), and Kochujang(red pepper added-fermented soybean paste). Such fermented products are made using Meju(functioning as a starter and prepared by fermentation of steamed soybean mash) as an essential ingredient, and used widely as a soup base and/or in seasoning side-dishes for everyday meals year around. Excepting Sikhae, all fermented products based on rice and other cereal grains are of alcoholic nature. Takju (Makgeolli) used to be made using rice as the major raw material, however, mainly due to the shortage of rice in recent years, other cereals, such as, barely, corn, and wheat flours are also used to replace rice today. Owing to such changes in the raw materials. the popularity of Takju has been somewhat reduced, yet it is still widely consumed in rural areas. Although Chungju is a popular rice wine with superior qualify over Takju, the amount consumed is considerably limited. The highest qualify rice wine, Bupju, in particular, is made by a low temperature fermentation using glutinous rice. Kimchi is an unique fermented vegetable product of long tradition in Korea. Although it was for consumption mainly in winter season serving as a source of vitamins, today it is widely used throughout the year. Except Kkakdugi and Dongchimi, all of the fermented vegetable products contain salted Korean cabbage as an essential item, while they abound in varieties depending on material composition and methods of processing, and also on seasons and localities Next to Kimchi in this category is Kkakdugi made of raddish in popularity and quantity consumed. The four groups of fermented food products described above are reviewed in some detail and evaluated in terms of their nutritional significances, processes and microorganisms involved. and their commercial potentials. Jeotkal (or Jeot) is a name given to all fermented products of fishery origin. A number of Jeot can be prepared by adding salt and allowing fermentation to the raw materials such as shrimp, anchovy octopus, clam, oyster, etc.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권10호
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• pp.1467-1474
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• 2012

본 연구는 해산물 사용이 높아 고단백, 고섬유질 식품으로 알려진 부산지역 향토음식으로 가정에서 일상으로 이용할 수 있는 식단을 개발하고자 하였다. 부산향토음식에 관해 문헌 및 구두조사를 실시하였고, 이중 가장 많이 조사된 겨울철 부산 향토음식을 기준으로 3첩 반상형 정식 식단 5종 및 별미식 식단 5종을 구성하였다. 정식 식단 I형은 흰밥, 시래기 된장국, 배추김치, 굴깍두기, 시금치나물, 매운잡채, 돼지수육, 배추속쌈, 보리막장으로 구성하였다. 정식 식단 II형은 흰밥, 소고기무국, 배추김치, 멸치섞박지, 겨울초 겉절이, 매집찜, 생미역귀 초회로 구성하였다. 정식 식단 III형은 오곡밥, 보름지짐이, 동치미, 9가지나물, 각색산적, 김구이로 구성하였고 정식 식단 IV형은 흰밥, 가자미 미역국, 배추김치, 소라김치, 몰한치 생채, 조개찜, 각색산적으로 구성하였다. 정식 식단 V형은 흰밥, 까시리김치국, 대구아가미젓 무김치, 조기구이, 토란대 들깨나물, 계란찜, 버섯초회로 구성 하였다. 별미식 식단 I형은 홍합죽, 배추김치, 동치미, 미역 설치, 코다리 조림, 늙은 호박전으로, 별미식 식단 II형은 굴떡국, 배추김치, 마른 가자미조림, 까막발이털털이 초회, 도토리묵, 오징어 젓갈로 구성하였다. 별미식 식단 III형은 김치국밥, 연두부 계란탕, 갈치섞박지, 삼색나물, 대구찜, 다시마튀각으로 구성하였고 별미식 식단 IV형은 동지팥죽, 배추김치, 동치미, 톳나물두부무침, 각색산적, 늙은 호박전으로 구성하였다. 별미식 식단 V형은 콩칼국수, 갓김치, 멸치섞박지, 몰설치, 해물전으로 구성하였다. 식단의 영양성분을 성인 남자 30~49세 한 끼 영양섭취기준과 비교하였을 때, 정식과 별미식 모두 저열량, 고단백식, 고 식이섬유식으로 나타났다. 비타민의 함량은 정식 식단별로 차이가 있었고, 별미식 식단은 적정 수준 이었다. 정식 I형은 Vt. A를 제외하고 모든 비타민 함량이 KDRI보다 낮았으며 정식 V형은 Vt. C 함량이 KDRI의 50% 수준이었다. 칼슘, 철분, 아연, 나트륨, 칼륨 등의 무기질 함량은 정식 및 별미식 식단 모두에서 KDRI보다 높게 나타났다. 개발된 식단의 재료 사용 및 조리방법은 중복도가 낮고, 주식과 부식의 어울림, 지역적 특성, 영양균형, 식단 구성의 다양성 등이 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 식단은 가정에서 전통 한식을 손쉽게 준비할 수 있는 활용성이 높은 식단으로 생각된다. 식단준비 시 해산물의 염분을 충분히 제거하는 점이 요청된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.487-493
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• 1995

김치 담금시 재료의 배합비와 숙성시 특성 측정을 위해 서울과 충청도에서 조사된 김장김치의 종류는 배추김치, 깍두기, 총각김치, 나박김치, 동치미, 보쌈김치, 백김치 등이었고 이 중 배추김치담금에 사용하는 주, 부재료는 약 20-25종류였으며 젓갈 및 어패류 의 사용이 많았다. 배합비는 배추 71.9%$\pm$7.7, 무채 11%, 파 2.3-2.6%, 마늘 1.3-1.6%, 고추가루 2.7-3.2% 그리고 젓갈 3.9~4.2% 등이었다. 봄김치는 배추김치, 깍두기, 총각김치와 열무김치, 오이김치 등을 담았으며 배추김치에 김장김치의 갓 및 굴, 새우 등 어패류 대신에 부추, 생홍고추, 양파 등 신선한 계절야채르르 많이 사용하였다. 양념류는 김장김치에 비해 젓갈은 다소 적고 그 외 사용비는 비슷하였으며 나박김치, 열무김치 등 국물김치에서 건더기와 물의 비는 약 40:48을 이루었다. 또한 배추김치의 최적 숙성은 pH 4.2~4.5, 총산도 0.5~0.8% lactic acid 범위였고 선호하는 염도는 김장김치류 2.3~2.74%, 봄김치류 1.8~2.4% 범위였으며 국물김치는 1.3~1.7%의 낮은 염도를 보였다.