• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.709-712
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• 2005

Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification of algae oil and corn oil in stirred tank batch reactor, The reaction, performed for 15hr at $65^{\circ}C$, was catalyzed by sn-1,3-specific lipase RM IM from Rhizonucor miehei without organic solvent. DHA, oleic acid, and linoleic acid contents of SL were 14.9, 17.3, and 31.8 mol%, respectively. ${\alpha}-,\;{\gamma}-,\;and\;{\delta}-tocopherol$ contents and physiochemical property of SL were evaluated. During 15 hr reaction, most reaction occurred within 6 hr, and highest relative production rate was observed between 3 to 6 hr.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.377-378
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• 2005

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.655-666
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• 2023

Purpose: Gestational nutrition has an impact on the growth and development of the fetus. Choline (C) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important and essential nutrients for humans that play a role in the structural integrity of the membranes as well as signalling. C is used in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, and cell membranes are highly enriched with DHA. The dietary intake of C or DHA during pregnancy directly influences fetal development. Currently, there is no evidence to prove the effectiveness of the combined dietary supplementation of both C and DHA during gestation on developmental outcomes in the offspring. Methods: The current study was designed to assess the physical, sensory, and motor development of rat pups born to mothers supplemented with C and/or DHA during the entire gestational period. Pregnant rat dams were divided into the following five groups: Normal control (NC), Saline control (SC), Choline (C), DHA, and Choline+DHA (C+DHA). The NC dams did not receive any supplementation during the entire gestation period. The experimental groups were supplemented with Saline, C, and/or DHA, respectively, during the entire gestation (E0 to delivery). Results: Rat pups (n = 6/group) exposed to combined C and DHA showed significant improvement in birth weight, fur development, eye-opening as well as weight gain on the 7th, 14th, and 21st postnatal day and pinnae detachment (assessed from birth to postnatal day 21) when compared with age-matched NC, SC or C or DHA pups. Further, significant reflex responses were observed in visual placing and bar holding of pups exposed to both C and DHA, whereas the differences in surface righting, negative geotaxis, and grasping reflexes were not significant between the groups. Conclusion: Gestational supplementation of both C and DHA rather than either of them alone is better in enhancing developmental outcomes in rat pups.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1417-1423
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• 2009

Previous studies have suggested that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation into n-3 fatty acid deficient diet improved spatial learning performance, but there was no significant difference in brain related function when DHA was added into a n-3 fatty acid adequate diet. Here, we investigated the effect of adding DHA into an n-3 fatty acid deficient or adequate diet on brain and liver fatty acid composition. On the second day after conception, Sprague Dawley strain dams were divided into four groups as follows; n-3 fatty acid deficient (Def), n-3 fatty acid deficient plus DHA (Def+DHA, 10.2% DHA), n-3 fatty acid adequate (Adq, 3.4% linolenic acid), and n-3 fatty acid adequate plus DHA (Adq+DHA, 3.31% linolenic acid plus 9.65% DHA). After weaning, male pups were fed on the same diets of their respective dams until adulthood. In brain fatty acid composition, the Def group showed a lower brain DHA (64% decrease), which was largely compensated for by an increase in docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6). Brain DHA in the Def+DHA group was increased to almost the same extent as in the Adq and Adq+DHA groups and there were no significant differences among them. Liver fatty acid composition showed a similar pattern to that of the brain, but liver DHA in the Def+DHA showed the highest percentage among the diet groups. In conclusion, n-3 fatty acid deficiency from gestation to adulthood leads to decreased brain DHA, which has been shown to be highly associated with poor spatial leaning performance. Thus, adequate brain DHA levels are required for optimal nervous function.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 1992

The differences of nutritive components in muscle and viscera of local and Israeli strains of common carp were examined. The crude lipid content in muscle was higher in the local carp than in the Israeli carp, but that in viscera was lower in the local carp than in the Israeli carp. There was no appreciable differences of crude protein and ash in viscera between local and Israeli carp. The distribution patterns of the total amino acid profiles for both local and Israeli carp were very similar. The principal amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and Iysine. They were 42 percent of total amino acids. Taurine and histidine were important part of free amino acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content in the polar lipids were high in both strains.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.537-546
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• 2008

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the mixed herbal medicine for the substitution of antibiotics on the performance of laying hens. Day old hyline 1,500 layer chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments. Control were 600 and three each treatment was 300. Eggs were collected at every weeks for measuring egg production and week 26, 27, 28 for chemical analyses. Chemical analyses were done for fatty acid profile of egg yolks, amino acid, antibiotics residue in eggs(collect eggs after supplying OTC 21ppm/bird/day to control for four day at 26, 27, 28) during the laying period($19{\sim}77wk$). On $0{\sim}4$ week, T-3 showed higher feed intake than those fed the other diets and on $5{\sim}13$ week, T-2 showed highest feed intake among treatments. After birds were moved ($14{\sim}18$ wk) CT-3 showed highest, but for overall rearing period, there was not significantly different among treatments. In conclusion the mixed herbal medicine did not tended to influence palatability to rearing birds. Egg quality(egg yolk color, haugh unit, eggshell breaking strength) showed no difference among treatments. Ratio of unsaturated fatty acid (mg/100g)/saturated fatty acid (mg/100g) was not difference among treatments, but linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) of the mixed herbal medicine treatments showed higher then control. The antibiotics residue of CT, T treatments egg was not detected and control was not detected or below allowance. In conclusion the mixed herbal medicine can be possible to feed laying hen without antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.451-455
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• 2011

Proximate compositions, fatty acid profiles, and total amino acid compositions of the muscle and liver of Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides were studied. Lipid contents of the muscle and liver of the fish were 22.3% and 35.3%, respectively. Protein content was higher in the fish muscle (12.8%) than in the liver (8.7%). Moisture content was also higher in the muscle (63.6%) than in the liver (49.8%). The prominent fatty acids in the total lipids of the fish muscle and liver were 18:1n-9, 16:0, 20:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), 18:1n-7, 22:1n-11, 18:0, and 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA). The fish muscle and liver contained approximately 1,000 to 2,500 mg of DHA and 400 to 600 mg of EPA per 100 g of tissue. Therefore, the fish muscle and liver are good sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, the total amino acid content of the fish was 11.7 g/100 g muscle and 6.53 g/100 g liver. The prominent total amino acids profiles in the fish muscle and liver were glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine, and alanine, which are similar to those in other fishes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.344-351
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adequate dietary fatty acid intake is important for toddlers between 12-24 months of age, as this is a period of dietary transition in conjunction with rapid growth and development; however, actual fatty acid intake during this period seldom has been explored. This study was conducted to assess the intake status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by toddlers during the 12-24-month period using 2010-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of 12-24-month-old toddlers (n = 544) was used to estimate the intakes of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), as well as the major dietary sources of each. The results were compared with the expected intake for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life and available dietary recommendations. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, and AA were 529.9, 22.4, 37.0, 3907.6, and 20.0 mg/day, respectively. Dietary intakes of these fatty acids fell below the expected intake for 0-5-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. In particular, DHA and AA intakes were 4 to 5 times lower. The dietary assessment indicated that the mean intake of essential fatty acids ALA and LA was below the European and the FAO/WHO dietary recommendations, particularly for DHA, which was approximately 30% and 14-16% lower, respectively. The key sources of the essential fatty acids, DHA, and AA were soy (28.2%), fish (97.3%), and animals (53.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the prevailing view of DHA and AA requirements on early brain development, there remains considerable room for improvement in their intakes in the diets of Korean toddlers. Further studies are warranted to explore how increasing dietary intakes of DHA and AA could benefit brain development during infancy and early childhood.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary lipid sources on the growth, feed utilization, body composition and tissue fatty acid profile of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated by adding various lipid sources including soybean oil (SO), eicosapentaenoic acid triglyceride (EPATG) and ethyl ester (EPAEE) forms, docosahexaenoic acid triglycerides (DHATG) and a 1:1 blend of soybean oil and DHATG. Triplicate groups of fish ($6.8{\pm}0.01g$) were fed one of the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 weeks. Fish fed the DHATG diet had the highest growth, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency values which were significantly higher than those fed the SO and EPAEE diets. Whole body proximate composition and somatic parameters were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Muscle of fish fed with SO diets were rich in 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, whereas those of fish fed with EPATG, EPAEE and DHATG diets were rich in n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). These findings indicated that the inclusion of n-3HUFA oils in olive flounder feed could be beneficial for the fish while simultaneously increasing the concentration of beneficial n-3HUFA in fish fillets destined for the human consumer.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.90-95
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• 1998

Experiments on the process development for the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil by using acyl chain specificity of Candida cylindracea lipase were performed. Five kinds of oils were hydrolyzed with Candida cylindracea lipase. Among then, Candida cylindracea lipase just had low activity on the PUFAs-rich fish oil. After the hydrolysis of fish oil, free fatty acid was removed and fatty acid components of glyceride mixtures were analyzed. When the hydrolysis was about 70%, the DHA content in the glyceride mixture was about three times more than that in the original fish oil. The EPA and stearidonic acid contents in the glyceride mixtures, however, were similar to that of the original fish oil. In this work, these results showed that the concentration process of PUFAs by using the acyl chain specificity of Candida cylindreacea lipase was effective in producing glycerides that contained a high concentration of PUFAs in good yield.