• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.663-667
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• 2002

The aerodynamic resistance($R_a$) to vertical transfer in the surface boundary layer can be formulated in terms of the friction velocity, height of observation, vertical heat flux and surface roughness. Unlike previous studies which focused on the role of $R_c$, present study perform additional tests using a variety of $R_a$ formulae. Several $R_a$ formulations available in the literature, suitable for unstable conditions, were tested for their influence on the dry deposition velocity. The canopy resistance($R_c$) determines the shape of the diurnal pattern, while a small amplitude diurnal cycle in $V_d$ was attributed to the aerodynamic resistance. The aerodynamic resistance is the major contributor to the formation of spikes in nighttime and $R_a$ is relatively important at night because the canopy resistance is smaller. All formulations show similar diurnal cycle and yield good agreement with the observations. Although present $V_d$ formulations are suitable for numerical air qualify models, the research must continue for further improvements in resistance parametrizations.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.99-108
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• 1983

Diurnal acid fluctuation, stomatal resistance, and solar radiation with regard to the cladode orientation were investigated in Opuntia lanceolata Haw. growing at WPeolryeong-ri, Hallim-eup, Chejudo, Korea. Diurnal changes of titratable acidity showed the typical CAM pattern in all investigated cladodes. Water tissue in the cladode had the same pattern of acid fluctuation as mesophyll tissue. Stomatal resistance was low during the night, increased rapidly to be a peak right after sunrise and decreased again thereafter. The southern side of the cladode showed higher stomatal resistance than the northern side during the day time. It suggests that the stomata of the northern side opens under diffuse radiation. The amount of solar radiation varied depending upon the cladode orientation. It is thought that C4 acids move inter and intra mesophyll tissues in the cladode through the unknown pathways. RuBP carboxyulase activity in the cladode was very high at 14:00, but was not significant at 01:00. PEP-carboxylase had high activities both at 14:00 and at 01:00. The results of this study showed the possibility that O. lanceolata Haw. had the C3, C4 and CAM photosynthetic patterns under the environmental conditions at Weolryeong-ri.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of surface ozone concentration and occurrence of high ozone concentration using hourly ozone, nitrogen dioxide and meteorological data for 1997~1998 in Pusan coastal area. Monthly mean ozone concentration was the highest at Dongsamdong in Spring(35.4ppb), at Kwangbokdong in Fall(25.1ppb) and the lowest Dongsamdong(22.2ppb) and Kwangbokdong(16.0ppb) in Winter. Relative standard deviation indicating clearness of observation site was 0.42 at Dongsamdong and 0.49 at Kwangbokdong that is similar to urban area. The diurnal variation of ozone concentration of Dongsamdong and Kwangbokdong showed maximum at 1500~1600LST and minimum 0700~0800LST that typical pattern of ozone concentration. In ozone episode period(Sept. 10~15, 1998), diurnal change of ozone concentration was very high, and ozone concentration was related to meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud amount and radiation on a horizontal surface. During the episode days peak ozone concentrations are much higher than the normal values, wind speeds are always lower, and solar radiation is high with the exception of the September episode.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of surface ozone concentration and occurrence of high ozone concentration using hourly ozone and meteorological data of 1997~1998 in Pusan coastal area. Monthly mean ozone concentration was highest in Spring(35.4ppb) and lowest in Winter(22.2ppb). Relative standard deviation indicating clearness of observation site was 0.42 that is similar to urban area. The diurnal variation of ozone concentration of Dongsamdong showed maximum at 15~16LST and minimum 07~08LST that typical pattern of ozone concentration. In ozone episode period(May 18~23, 1998), diurnal change of ozone concentration was very high, and ozone concentration was related to meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud amount and radiation on a horizontal surface.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.433-439
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• 2004

The movement range and diurnal behavior of red seabream (Chrysophrys major) tagged by the ultrasonic pinger externally were measured by acoustic telemetry techniques in the marine ranch of Tongyeong on 20 March to 30 October, 2003. The movement of fishes was monitored with the radio-acoustic linked positioning (RAP) buoy system and VR2 receivers. The test fishes showed behavior. pattern going to deep waters and returning to shallow waters. They moved gradually to deep waters as time goes by. They had a tendency to move wider range in night-time than day-time. It was found that the test fishes rarely showed a significant response to the artificial reefs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1269-1275
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of soluble protein supplements on concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD) of Korean native steers, and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN concentration in RD and OD. Three ruminally cannulated Korean native steers in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design consumed a basal diet of rice straw and corn-based concentrate (control), and that supplemented (kg/d DM basis) with intact casein (0.24; IC) or acid hydrolyzed casein (0.46; AHC). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 2.0 h intervals after a morning feeding. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using the ninhydrin assay. Concentrations of free AA and total SNAN in RD were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in OD. Although free AA concentration was relatively high, mean peptide was quantitatively the most important fraction of total SNAN in both RD and OD, indicating that degradation of peptide to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble protein to peptide or deamination may be the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis of Korean native steers. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration in OD for the soluble protein supplemented diets during the feeding cycle peaked 2 h post-feeding and decreased thereafter whereas that for the control was relatively constant during the entire feeding cycle. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration was rather similar between RD and OD.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.224-240
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• 2014

Objectives This research was proposed to present Clinical Practice Guideline(CPG) for Soyangin Disease of Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM): Diagnosis and Algorithm. This CPG was developed by the national-wide experts committee consisting of SCM professors. Methods We searched the literature and articles related to Soyangin Symptomatology diagnosis and algorithm. For developing diagnosis and algorithm, we searched the classification, ordinary symptom, present symptom of the Soyangin Symptomatology. Results & Conclusions We classify the Soyangin Symptomatology by 4 steps: Exterior-Interior disease, favorable-unfavorable pattern, mild-moderate-severe-critical pattern (initial-advanced pattern). And at the unfavorable pattern, ordinary symptom is very important. So doctors need to focus on the symptom of unfavorable's ordinary symptom such as temperament inclined symptom, diarrhea, and diurnal body fever.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

Objective : Cortisol, a product of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), is one of our defensive mechanisms in response to stress. The level of cortisol in the saliva is a major biomarker of the stress response by HPA axis and shows diurnal variation. We measured salivary cortisol level and its diurnal variation to compare the pattern of changes by degree of burn and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score. Methods : We measured the salivary cortisol levels of 37 subjects hospitalized in the burn center at our facility from March to June 2012. Salivary cortisol levels were measured at 6 : 00 AM and at 7 : 00 PM. All subjects were tested for CAPS to evaluate the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale to evaluate and to control the coexisting depression. Results : Factorial ANOVA test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in terms of the effect of the interaction between the degree of burn and the patient's CAPS score. Unlike the mild burn group, in the severe burn group, the patients who had a low CAPS score didn't show a normal diurnal variation and the patients who had a high CAPS score showed the normal diurnal variation. After a few months follow up, we found a greater degree of psychiatric complications in severe burn patients that had a lower cortisol stress response. Conclusion : We suppose that the disappearance of the stress response changes in salivary cortisol seen in the severe burn group may be caused by an impaired stress response. Through followed observation of the subjects, this disruption of cortisol response may cause psychiatric problems afterwards.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 1995

We considered that characteristics of surface ozone continuous and important meteorological parameters from the data measured 7 air quality continuous monitoring stations during 2 years (1990, 1993) in pusan. The diurnal ozone variation showed a primary peak near 1500LST and a secondary peak of the DP(double peaked) pattern. The episode day was defined when an ozone peak higher than 60 ppb was observed at least one station. The frequency of episode day was 100 (298 hours, 69 days). The frequency of the episode day was higher at Meongryundong and Daeyeondong than other sites and highest in August under control of pacific subtropical high. The high temporatant meteorological parameters accompanying the high episode days. The favorable synoptic environment accompanying ozone episode was distributed to 7 different pattern. These pattern can be taken as a nesessary but not an absolute indicator for predicting the occerrence of an episode.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.262-272
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• 2007

Diurnal and tidal variation in the abundance of the macro- and megabenthic assemblages were studied in the macrotidal flat, Incheon, Korea. The samples were collected by modified otter trawl during 8-9, June 2000. The macro- and megabenthic assemblages comprised a total of 60 species, including 6,309 individuals and 67,835.5 gWWt. As a result, the abundance pattern showed two different categories relating to diel and tidal cycles. First, the diel pattern of these assemblages was subdivided into 3 groups. 1) Diurnal species such as Hexagrammos otakii, Thryssa baelama, Loligo beka, Metapenaeus joyneri. 2) Nocturnal species such as Cynoglossus joyneri, Sebastes schlegeli, Charybdis japonica, Crangon affinis, Trachysalambria curvirostris, Metapenaeopsis dalei. 3)Other species showing no obvious pattern with Johnius grypotus, Platycephalus indicus, Repomucenus richardsonii. However, based on the result of Mann-Whitney U-test, diel patterns of macro- and megabenthos did not reveal any significant differences. Second, tidal variation in the macro- and megabenthic assemblages was significant between ebb and flood tides. Total macro- and megafaunal species number, abundance and biomass were higher in ebb tide$(13^h30',\;16^h30',\;1^h30',\;4^h30')$ than in flood tide$(19^h30',\;21^h30',\;10^h30',\;13^h00')$. As a consequence, the macro- and megabenthic assemblages were clearly influenced by tides but their diel variations were not significantly different.