• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of cerebral response to motor tasks in patients with schizophrenia compared with normal subjects using functional MRI. Materials and methods ; Nine right handed-schizophrenic patients and six right-handed normal subjects were included. We used right hand movement as task. Series of 120 consecutive echo-planar images per section were acquired during three cycles of task and rest activations. Lateralization index of cortical response was measured and compared between patients and normal subjects. Results ; Right hand motor task was associated with greater activation in left sensorimotor cortex than the right in normal subjects. Schizophrenia patients showed relatively decreased activation in left cortex and increased activation in right cortex compared with normal subjects. In one patient, reversed lateralization was noted. Conclusion : Normal hemispheric asymmetry of cortical response to motor task was found in different pattern in schizophrenia. Our result is consistent with functional disturbance of motor circuitry in this disorder. Functional MRI will play an important role in diagnosis and research of this disorder.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.145-159
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• 2020

Wetlands are vulnerable to biological invasion by alien species, because they function as sinks that accumulate excess water, sediments, nutrients, and other contaminants from the surrounding watersheds by disturbance. In this study, to understand the status and characteristics of the alien plants based on the type of wetlands, we classified 24 ecologically outstanding wetlands and analyzed the status of alien flora. A total of 130 alien plants were found in the wetlands, accounting for 11% of the total plant species. Among them, the Asteraceae species was the most diverse, with 40 species. Erigeron annuus and Oenothera ordorata had the highest frequency of occurrence. The species richness of alien plants in the riverine and lacustrine wetlands (average: 30 species) was higher than that in the mountainous palustrine wetlands (average: 10 species). The same results were found in the naturalization index, urbanization index, and ratio of annuals and biennials, which indicate the degree of artificial interference. In the cluster analysis, the riverine and lacustrine wetlands were combined, and only the mountainous palustrine wetlands were separated. The number of alien plants is remarkably low in the mountainous palustrine wetlands, and it is considered to be the influence of Erigeron strigosus, Symphytum officinale, and Bilderdykia convolvulus, not found in the other types of wetlands. In particular, invasive alien plants such as Aster pilosus, Ambrosia trifida, Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior were found intensively in the riverine wetlands. Therefore, it is considered that a methodical management is urgently required considering the dispersal of alien plants in the riverine and lacustrine wetlands with high artificial interference.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-91
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• 2003

The Hoek-Brown failure criterion for rock masses developed first in 1980 is widely accepted and has been applied in a variety of rock engineering problems including slope analyses. The failure criterion was modified over the years because rock mass strength by the original failure criterion in 1980 was overestimated. The modified failure criterion, named Generalized Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion, was proposed with a new classification called the Geological Strength Index(GSI) in 1994. Generally, Hoek-Brown failure criterion is applied in numerical analyses of rock mass behaviors using equivalent Mohr-Coulomb parameters estimated by linear regression method. But these parameters estimated by this method have some inaccuracies to be applied and to be incorporated into numerical models and limit equilibrium programs. The most important issue is that this method cannot take account of non-linear characteristics of Hoek-Brown criterion, therefore, equivalent Mohr-Coulomb parameters is used as constant values regardless of field stress distribution in rock masses. In this study, the numerical analysis on rock slope stability considering non-linear characteristics of Hoek-Brown failure criterion was carried out. Futhermore, by the latest Hoek-Brown failure criterion in 2002, the revised estimating method of equivalent Mohr-Coulomb parameters was applied and rock mass damage criterion is introduced to account for the strength reduction due to stress relaxation and blast damge in slope stability.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.188-198
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• 2015

This study was conducted in order to investigate the distribution pattern of weeds and ecological characteristics on the dry field in the Eastern region of Korea. The weed species data were obtained from 12 regions in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsang-do. 150 taxa were recorded from three main distinguished habitats; inside of dry field (IDF), embankment around the end of dry field (EDF), levee slope of dry field (LS). The weed species of three different habitats were IDF 83 taxa, EDF 133 taxa and LS 105 taxa. The species showing higher rNCD value was Portulaca oleracea in IDF, Digitaria sanguinalis in EDF and Humulus japonicus in LS. Compositae was dominant family followed by Gramineae, Polygonaceae and Leguminosae. Life form was distinguished as Th-R5-D4-e and three different habitats showed the same results. Disturbance index was analysed as IDF 83.1%, EDF 68.4%, and LS 62.9%. Naturalized rate was analysed as IDF 28.9%, EDF 22.6%, and LS 20.0%. These results indicate that the weeding management, land use intensity, and human interference effect on the distribution index and naturalized rate of weed.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2004

The primary purpose of this report is to investigate the index of dental caries experiences and the state of oral hygiene for the children with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and autism. In order to get those things we investigated 99 students that ages from 8 to 13 in three special schools (which are the school for the children with mental retardation, physical difficulties, emotional disturbance). Then collected the statistics and examined if there were some regardful differences among each type. (1) The investigation shows that there is no regardful differences among them in statistice. However, the averages of their dental caries experience have a little gap. The average of the children with mental retardation group is the highest and the autistic children group is the lowest, as we can see the facts of 4.70 for group of children with mental retardation, 4.58 for group of children with cerebral palsy, 3.67 for group of autistic children, children with mental retardation group is severe, autistic children group is few. (2) The conclusion from research of oral hygiene among each type, statistically regardful differences were revealed (p<0.05). It shows children with cerebral palsy is on worst state, children with mental retardation is on next state, autistic children is on best state by compare for averages among each type, 32.30 for group of children with mental retardation 35.00 for group of children with cerebral palsy, 27.79 for autistic children.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2017

Objective : This study was to investigate the relationship between sensory processing patterns and sleep quality for poor sleepers enrolled in universities. Methods : The participants are 191 students, aged 18 to 25, at the 6 universities located in Busan, Daegu, and other Gyeongsang Provinces. These participants completed the Korean version of Adolescent/Adults Sensory Profile (AASP) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results : The group with lower sleep quality of this study participants suggested low but positive correlation with sleep disturbance which is one of sleep quality components of the PSQI. Low sensory registration suggested high positive correlation and Sensory sensitivity suggested low positive correlation with daytime dysfunction. Conclusion : We identified that sensory processing patterns and sleep quality may influence each other and sleep quality can be more significantly influenced by specific sensory processing pattern. More studies requires on sleep quality and sensory processing patterns in children, adults, and elders.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.36-54
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• 1995

The error performance of digital radio signals (i.e., M-ary PSK signal, DQPSK signal, MSK signal, GMSK signal) interfered by impulsive noise and electromagnetic interference (EMI) is analyzed and discussed. In analysis at first, the error rate equations have been derived in an electromagnetic interference plus impulsive noise environment. And then, the error performance has been evaluated and shown in figures as a function of carrier-to-noise ratio, carrier-to-interference ratio, impu- lsive index, gaussian noise to impulsive noise power ratio, and interference index to measure the amount of error degradation in digital radio signals. From the obtained results we have known that in the presence of m-distributed tone interference plus inpulsive noise, the more significant the electromagnetic interference amplitude varies, the more significant performance degradation is produced. The listing the digital radio signals from the most degraded to the least is that DQPSK, GMSK, QPSK and MSK signal. In the constant amplitude tone interference plus impulsive noise environment, the effect of in- terference nearly disappears over about 20dB in CIR. The effect of constant tone interference on error rate performance is reduced more remarkably in the region from 10dB to 15dB in CIR. In both enviroments of m-distributed tone interference and constant amplitude tone interference, the more electromagnetic interference amplitude varies and CIR increases, the more error perfor- mance is improved. But it is found out that the performance can not be improved significantly even the electromagnetic interference becomes weak. This describes that the impulsive noise affects dominantly to the performance degradation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.199-214
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• 2010

Objective : Atopic dermatitis (AD) may profoundly affect patient's quality of life (QOL), and also cause economic impact. The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of life and the economic impact of adult atopic dermatitis patient in Seoul. We also evaluate the relationship of QOL and economic impact with severity of AD. Methods : 30 adult atopic dermatitis patient were included and evaluated by using the SCORAD Index and EASI. Patients were asked to fill in the questionnaires about their quality of life and financial costs during the past year by AD. Data about sleep disturbance and pruritus were also obtained. Pearson's correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results : 1. Among 30 patients, women were 19(63.3%), men were 11(36.7%). The mean age of the patients were 27.3 years old, patients between the ages of 17 and 30 years were 23, over 30 were seven. 2. The mean score of Objective SCORAD was $32.89{\pm}7.30$, Subjective SCORAD was $8.13{\pm}3.53$ and EASI was $9.15{\pm}6.90$이었다. 3. The mean score of Skindex-29 was $28.26{\pm}7.58$, DLQI was $10.17{\pm}5.55$. 4. By analyzing the questionnaire, a monthly average cost of 583,200 won for each patient was determined. Direct cost was 236,800 won and indirect cost was 346,300 won. 5. By analyzing the correlation between the severity of AD and QOL, Objective SCORAD and EASI were positively correlated with QOL(Skindex-29, DLQI) but not significant, meanwhile subjective SCORAD were significantly and positively correlated with QOL(Skindex-29, DLQI). 6. By analyzing the correlation between the severity of AD and economic impact, Objective SCORAD were significantly and positively correlated with direct cost and indirect cost. Also, EASI were significantly and positively correlated with direct cost and oriental medical hospital visits. Conclusions : The above results show that the QOL of the patients with atopic dermatitis is significantly related to their disease severity. Atopic dermatitis patients pay 583,200 won a month, and the economic impact of the patients is significantly related to their disease severity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.248-288
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• 2022

The study on vascular plants of Gayasan National Park was conducted in 2016 over a period of 34 days from March to October 2016. As the study, a total of 768 taxa were recorded, including 118 families, 396 genera, 691 species, 15 subspecies, 51 varieties, and 11 forms. In the vascular plants, four endangered wild plants were recorded, Ponerorchis cucullata (L.) X.H.Jin, Trientalis europaea var. arctica (Fisch.) Ledeb., Cypripedium macranthos Sw., and Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus. Taxa of Least Concern (LC) or higher level on National Red List published by the Ministry of Environment of Korea were 21 taxa for example Tricyrtis macropoda Miq., and Lilium cernuum Kom. A total of 37 Korean endemic plants were investigated for example Abies koreana E.H.Wilson and Impatiens atrosanguinea (Nakai) B.U.Oh & Y.P.Hong. A total of 162 taxa of floristic regional indicators (3^rd to 5^th degree) were investigated including 9 taxa of V, 15 taxa of IV, 38 taxa of III, 45 taxa of II, and 53 taxa of I. Naturalized plants were recorded a total of 46 taxa with a Naturalization Index of 6.0%, the Urbanization Index was calculated to be 14.3% and 5 taxa of ecosystem disturbance plants were investigated such as Sicyos angulatus L., Rumex acetosella L., and Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. As the result of comparison with previous studies, in this study a total of 206 taxa were newly identified including 62 families, 144 genera, 184 species, 2 subspecies, 15 varieties, and 5 forms.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2021

In 2012, the National Park Service conducted an ecological health assessment to efficiently preserve and manage the ecosystem. The need for improving pre-existing management indicators was recognized from the revised Natural Park Act because, while the indicators of the existing evaluation system focused on endangered species, ecosystem disturbance, diversity, water quality (BOD, DO), and habitat fragmentation, they did not reflect the lack of indicators for marine ecological assessment, policy changes, and the time demands. The evaluation results comprised a five-point grading system, which made the analysis of immediate changes, difficult. Therefore, the benthic pollution index (BPI) and habitat restoration indicators were added to improve the evaluation system. The National Park was assessed using 10 classifications, however, only four classifications were evaluated. The ratings were divided into five states, and ten classes were presented as pictograms. The assessment results showed a similar trend as the indicators were improved, increasing from level 3 to level 5. However, the results of the Wolaksan National Park after improvement in the indicators were lower than that before the improvement, whereas, for the Juwangsan National Park, it was higher. This study aims at contributing to the scientific and systematic management of the national park ecosystem by improving the ecological health assessment system.