• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 2016

In this paper, we study a system of five components. One of them is a bridge network component. Each of these components is identical and has a failure rate as a function of time. The system components have non-constant failure rates. The given system is improved by using the reduction, hot duplication, and cold duplication methods. We derive the equivalence factors of the bridge structure system to be as another system improved according to these different methods. The ${\beta}-fractiles$ are obtained to compare the original system with these improved systems. Finally, we present numerical results to show the difference between these methods.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.2149-2156
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• 2011

In this paper, design of a new 3-dimensional (3-D) 16-ary signal constellation with constant envelope is presented and analyzed. Unlike the conventional 16-ary constellations, all signal points of the new constellation are uniformly located on the surface of a sphere so that they have a unique amplitude level and a symmetrical structure. When average power of the constellations is normalized, the presented 16-ary constellation has around 11.4% increased minimum Euclidean distance (MED) as compared to the conventional ones that have non-constant envelope. As a result, a digital communication system which exploits the presented constellation has 1.2dB improved symbol error rate (SER). While signal points of the conventional constant-envelope constellation are not distributed uniformly on the surface of a sphere, those of the proposed constellation has a completely symmetric distribution. In addition, the new signal constellation has much lower computational complexity for practical implementation than the conventional one. Hence, the proposed 3-D 16-ary signal constellation is appropriate for the application to a communication system which strongly requires a constant-envelope characteristic.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1525-1533
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• 2003

In the precision hot plate for wafer processing, uniform temperature of the upper plate is one of key factors affecting the quality of wafers. The state-of-the-art precision hot plates require temperature Variations less than $\pm$0.4$^{\circ}C$ during heating to 15$0^{\circ}C$, Which is difficult to be obtained only by the improvement of manufacturing techniques alone. In this study, computer aided heat transfer analysis was carried out to obtain the temperature distribution of the currently used reference hot plate for 200mm wafer. The analysis on the reference model assuming constant heat generation rate and uniform heating area showed total variation of 0.926$^{\circ}C$ at 15$0^{\circ}C$. One of the new design approaches based on the change of heating location together with different heat generation rate resulted in total variation of 0.297$^{\circ}C$ which is a 68% improvement compared to that of the reference model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Communication Sciences Conference
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.92-95
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• 1991

Constant false alarm rate(CFAR) processors are useful for detecting radar targets in background for which all parameters in the statistical distribution are not known and may be nonstationary. The well known "cell averging" (CA) CFAR processor is known to yield best performance in homogeneous case, but exhibits severe performance in the presence of an interfering target in the reference window or/and in the region of clutter edges. The "order statistics"(OS) CFAR processor is known to have a good performance above two nonhomogeneous cases. The modified OS-CFAR processor, known as "trimmed mean"(TM) CFAR processor performs somewhat better than the OS-CFAR processor by judiciously trimming the ordered samples. This paper proposes and analyzes the performance of a new CFAR processor called the "maximum trimmed mean"(MX-TM) CFAR processor combining the "greatest of"(GO) CFAR and TM-CFAR processors. The MAX operation is included to control false alarms at clutter edges. Our analyses show that the proposed CFAR processor has similar performance TM- and OS-CFAR processors in homogeneous case and in the precence of interfering targets, but can control the false rate in clutter edges. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the qualitative effects of various CFAR processors in nonhomogeneous clutter environments.

• Laser Solutions
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2009

In laser-assisted machining (LAM), laser beam is used to locally increase the temperature of a workpiece and thus to enhance the machinability. In order to set the temperature of the material removal area of a workpiece at an optimal value, process parameters, such as laser power, feed rate, and rotational velocity, have to be carefully controlled. In this work, the effects of laser power and feed rate on the temperature distribution of a silicon nitride rotating at a constant velocity were experimentally investigated. Using a pyrometer, temperatures at various locations of the silicon nitride were measured both in circumferential and axial directions. The measured temperatures were fitted to a quadratic equation to approximate the temperature at the cutting location. The machining results showed that cutting force and tool wear were decreased when the temperature at the cutting location was increased.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.56-65
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• 2008

In this paper experimental results are presented for the rheological behavior of high-solids saccharification of mixed northeast hardwood as a model feedstock. The experimental determination of the viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate relationships of the 10 to 20 percent slurry concentrations with constant enzyme concentrations were performed under variable rotational speed of a viscometer (2.0 to 200 RPM) at combined temperatures (50 to $30^{\circ}C$) for the initial four hours. The viscosities of saccharification slurries observed were in the ranges of 0.024 to 0.028, 0.401 to 0.058, and 0.840 to 0.087 Pa s for shear rates up to 100 reciprocal seconds at 10, 15, and 20 percent initial solids (w/v) respectively. The fluid behavior of the suspensions was modeled using the power-law, the Herschel-Bulkley, the Casson, and the Bingham model. The results showed that broth slurries were pseudoplastic with a yield stress. The model slope increased and the model intercept decreased with increasing fermentation time at shear rates normal for the fermentor. The broth slurries exhibited Newtonian behavior at high and low shear rates during initial saccharification process. The solid particle size ranged from 57.8 to $70.0{\mu}m$ for $40^{\circ}C$ and from 44.0 to 57.5 11m for combined temperatures at 10, 15, and 20 percent initial solids (w/v) respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1996

Poly(l-lactic acid)(PLLA) microspheres loaded with ampicillin sodium (AMP-Na_, .betha.-lactam antibiotic, were prepared by a w/o/w multiple emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The amounts of each component in three phases (inner water phase, organic phase, and outer water phase) wre carefully examined in the preparation of PLLA microspheres. The stirring rate, another preparation parameter, was also investigated for study on the effect of mechanical stress on the drug loading and morphology of PLLA microspheres. Most of the preparation parameters had a great influence on the drug loading, surface morphology and size distribution of PLLA microspheres. PLLA microspheres with 15.89 w/w% drug loading were subjected to the in vitro release experimet. The release of ampicillin sodium was constant at a rate of 1.68 $mug/ml/day$ per 1 mg of microspheres for 18 days initial burst effect.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 1994

This study was executed to find the applicability of press drying of tree disk by investigating the shrinkage and drying defect and to form appropriate model by comparing the actual moisture content(MC) and internal temperature in respect of drying time with calculated values based computer simulation to which was applied finite difference method. In press drying disk, heating period, constant drying rate period maintained plateau temperature at 100$^{\circ}C$ and falling drying rate period were significantly distinguished. Actual MC and internal temperature were analogous to those calculated at comparing points. Heat transfer model formed by Fourier's law using specific heat of moist wood and conduction coefficient considering fractional volume of each element of wood cell wall, bound water, free water and air showed applicability as basic data to developing heat expansion, shrinkage and drying stress during press drying. Also mass transfer model formed by Fick's diffusion law using water vapor diffusion coefficient showed applicability. Longitudinal shrinkage was developed by pressure of hot press and tangential shrinkage was restrained by hygrothermal recovery. The heart check, surface check and ring failure were occurred differently in species, but V-shaped crack didn't develop.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2006

The finite failure NHPP models proposed in the literature exhibit either constant, monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing failure occurrence rates per fault. In this paper, we propose the Erlang reliability model, which can capture the increasing nature of the failure occurrence rate per fault. Equations to estimate the parameters of the Erlang finite failure NHPP model based on failure data collected in the form of inter-failure times are developed. For the sake of proposing shape parameter of the Erlang distribution, we used to the goodness-of-fit test of distribution. Data set, where the underlying failure process could not be adequately described by the existing models, which motivated the development of the Erlang model. Analysis of the failure data set which led us to the Erlang model, using arithmetic and Laplace trend tests, goodness-of-fit test, bias tests is presented.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.10 no.6 s.38
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• pp.27-36
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• 2005

Finite failure NHPP models presented in the literature exhibit either constant, monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing failure occurrence rates Per fault. This Paper Proposes reliability model using the generalized gamma distribution, which can capture the monotonic increasing(or monotonic decreasing) nature of the failure occurrence rate per fault. Equations to estimate the parameters of the generalized gamma finite failure NHPP model based on failure data collected in the form of interfailure times are developed. For the sake of proposing shape parameter of the generalized gamma distribution, used to the special pattern. Data set, where the underlying failure process could not be adequately described by the knowing models, which motivated the development of the gamma or Weibull model. Analysis of failure data set for the generalized gamma modell, using arithmetic and Laplace trend tests . goodness-of-fit test, bias tests is presented.