• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.671-683
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• 2004

This study was carried out to understand long-range transport of $SO_2$ using aircraft measurements for the identification of it's horizontal and vertical concentration and distribution pattern. Thirteen missions of aircraft measurements have been done around 37$^{\circ}$00'/124$^{\circ}$30' from October 1997 to November 2001. Concentrations of $SO_2$ was 1.5~2.0 ppb in the below mixing layer, 0.6~1.1 ppb in the above mixing layer. $SO_2$ was found to be relatively higher than marine background level, 0.08~0.2ppb, indicating the western coast being influenced by long-range transport except for the summer season. The vertical distribution of $SO_2$ was classified into 3 groups using its vertical sounding and meteorology pattern; the first is linear decay pattern, the second is exponential decay pattern, and the last is gaussian distribution pattern in the below mixing layer, 2 patterns of linear decay and gaussian distribution patterns in the upper layer. It is founded that vertical distribution pattern is strongly dependent on meteorological condition, for example atmospheric stability and predominant air flow.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.895-904
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• 2019

It has been well recognized that extreme rainfall process often features a nonstationary behavior, which may not be effectively modeled within a stationary frequency modeling framework. Moreover, extreme rainfall events are often described by a two (or more)-component mixture distribution which can be attributed to the distinct rainfall patterns associated with summer monsoons and tropical cyclones. In this perspective, this study explores a Mixture Distribution based Nonstationary Frequency (MDNF) model in a changing rainfall patterns within a Bayesian framework. Subsequently, the MDNF model can effectively account for the time-varying moments (e.g. location parameter) of the Gumbel distribution in a two (or more)-component mixture distribution. The performance of the MDNF model was evaluated by various statistical measures, compared with frequency model based on both stationary and nonstationary mixture distributions. A comparison of the results highlighted that the MDNF model substantially improved the overall performance, confirming the assumption that the extreme rainfall patterns might have a distinct nonstationarity.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.513-520
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• 2004

In the paper, we summarize the result of the experimental research for the overload criteria of domestic distribution transformers considering the electric consumption patterns of customers. For the basic characteristic data of distribution transformer overload, the actual experiments are accomplished. The field data of loads are surveyed from sample transformers for analyzing the consumption pattern of customer load. The load data acquisition devices are equipped, and the algorithm of load pattern classification is applied. In addition to this efforts, various load pattern data. in past are gathered. Then the representative load pattern of each customer type in domestic is extracted. The final results of overload criterions are presented as tabular form through the results of experiments and survey are combined. The field test of the experiment results is peformed using the special manufactured transformers, which can measure both the load and top-oil temperature of transformer. Through this, we verify that the results of field test are similar to the laboratory one and the Proposed overload criteria can be effectively applied to the real system.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2022

Economic progress has changed views of people in interpreting welfare and this affects the level of household consumption expenditure. An analysis of this issue is important to do so that the community may encourage the utilization and distribution of community welfare to be wiser and balanced in order to achieve the properness and appropriateness of welfare programs management with the development goals. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of personal income, experience on lifestyle, and its distribution to household consumption of Makassar City Industrial workers. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: Data collection in this study was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents in Makassar City, South Sulawesi. Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis was used as data analysis. Result: This study indicated income has a positive and significant effect on lifestyle, while experience has no significant effect on lifestyle, and family member has a positive and significant effect on lifestyle. This study also indicated that lifestyle has a significant effect on Household Consumption. Conclusion: Consumption patterns are influenced by many factors, so people need to be wise in regulating consumption patterns and managing the distribution of their economic resources in order to achieve balance of economic in family.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper is aimed to analyze the effects of the mandatory closing regulation targeting large retailers, which has been implemented since 2012 to protect small retailers. We examine the changes in consumers' choice of retailers and their purchasing patterns of agri-food following the implementation of such regulation. Research design, data, and methodology - Household spending patterns were identified through the historical data of household food purchase, consumer panel provided by the Rural Development Administration. Clustering was employed to determine the household spending patterns. Moreover, the different household spending patterns before and after the regulation were comparatively studied. The patterns of consumers' choice of retail stores and shopping baskets by the type of retailers, derived from the respective datasets before and after the regulation, were compared to analyze the effects of the regulation. Results -After the regulation, some consumers who used to shop at large retailers before the regulation changed their shopping places to small retailers. However, the product categories that consumers had mainly purchased before the regulation were rarely changed even after the regulation. Conclusions - Although the regulation helped migrate some of the consumers to small retailers, the regulation seemed to have failed to stimulate consumers to purchase the goods, normally bought at large retailers, from traditional markets. In other words, traditional markets are not effective substitutes for regulation-affected retailers.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2014

In this study spatial analysis of PM10 was performed to Particulate Materials(PM) less than $10{\mu}m$ in diameter in Seoul city. Because PM10 are responsible for the increasing mortality rate of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases, spatial distribution of PM10 are special interest in air pollution of Seoul. In this study, spatial analysis of Particulate Materials were monitored by monthly averaged PM10 concentration of 2010, 2011. The monthly spatial patterns of PM10 showed the west area of Seoul(Youngdungpo) higher PM10 concentration than northern part of Seoul in early spring and winter seasons. In the comparison of PM10 concentration distribution patterns in 2010 and 2011, the PM10 concentration of 2011 at Gangnam and Songpa-gu were more increased than yearly averaged patterns of 2010. The distribution patterns of PM10 in Seoul city showed the high concentration PM10 of several areas with Youngdungpo-gu, Gangnam-gu and Cheongnyangni. Therefore we need to establish PM10 management strategy for these area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2000

The concentration of atmospheric mercury(Hg0 and relevent environmental parameters that include both meteorological and criteria pollutant data were dtermined at hourly intervals during two field campaigns covering the periods of September 1997 and May/June 1998. The mean concentrations of Hg for the two study periods were computed as 3.94 and 3.43ngm-3, respectively. Through a separation of these data into both daytime and nighttime periods, we further analyzed diurnal variation patterns for Hg between two different seasons. Using our Hg data sets, we were able to recognize two contrasting diurnal variation patterns of Hg between two diffeerent seasons that can be characterized as: (1) the occurrences of peak Hg concentration during daytime(fall0 and (2) slight reductions in daytime Hg concentration relative to nighttiime Hg data(summer). To study the systematic differences in diurnal patterns between two different seasons, we analyzed Hg data in terms of different statistical approaches such as correlation(and linear regression0 and factor analysis. Results of these analyses consistently indicated that different mechanisms were responsible for controlling the daytime distribution patterns of Hg. The variation of boundary layer conditions betwen day/night periods may have been important in introducing the relative reduction in daytime Hg levels during summer. However, when the relationship between Hg and concurrently determined O3 is concerned, these differences are unlikely to be an effective sink mechanism within the ranges of ozone concentrations determined concurrently during this study, regardless of season. To further provide the general account for short-term variations in Hg distribution data, we should be able to describe the various factors underlying its sink mechanism.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 1964

The present paper deals with the comparative study on phylogenic difference in the patterns of energy metabolism of brain slices of several vertebrate species by measuring oxygen consumptionwith glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glutamate as respiratory substrate employing Warburg's manometric method, by determination of the utilization rate of glucose using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution , and by histochemical determination using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution acid distribution , and by histochemical determination of glycogen contents. 1. Glucose enhances the oxygen consumption of brain slices of animals belinging to reptile, aves and mammalia while it shows a tendency to decrease that of animals belonging to pisces and amphibia. 2. Glucose-6--phosphate increase oxygen consumption more than glucose in every species examined, while glucose-1-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate increase that of Rana nigromaculata only . In general m, it appears that phosphosugars are more effective as a respiratory substrate to those species which have less endogenous respiration than to those having larger endogenous respiration. 3. Similar patterns of free amino acid distribution and the relative amount are found among the species and in every species examined glutamic acid is detected in the larges amount . ${\gamma}$-Amino butyric acid, glycine, alanine and aspartic acid are found in every species. 4. Ophicephalus showed less oxygen consumption than endogenous respiration when glutamate was added to the medium. When sodium fluoride was added, the oxygen consumption was some what increased . Such phenomenon wasnot found in the frog. 5. The result of histochemcial analysis of the brain showed that glycogen was abundantly present in the fish , amphibia , and especially in the reptile and that no distinctive grains of glycogen were found in the bird and mammal . From these facts, it may be supposed that anaerobic glycolysis as energy source dominates in fish and amphibia and aerobic respiration through the oxidation of glucose dominates in bird and mamal , the reptile occupying transitional position between these two categories. The way of obtaining energy for brain activity by the oxidation of glucose supplied from the circulating blood is seemed to be first acquired by reptile and the function is completed both in aves and mammal.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.spc1
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• pp.214-222
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• 2006

Dominant species of macrobenthos were analyzed based on differentiation of three distinct methods: the density based method, the biomass based method and LeBris method, by considering the frequency of occurrence using quantitative data collected over 5 years (1993-1998) at 21 stations in Chonsu Bay. Sedimentary environments as well as species composition and diversity showed the spatial and temporal distribution patterns. The ranks of dominant species as determined by the density based method were more similar to the results by the LeBris method than to those from the biomass based method. Considering the temporal variation, LeBris method were more efficient than any other methods for the determination of dominant species in Chonsu Bay. Lumbrineris longifolia, Theora fragilis, and Moerella jedoensis were recognized by all three methods. A one-way analysis of variance indicated spatial distributions patterns among most of the dominant species. These species showed positive correlations to sedimentary parameters such as mean grain size. However, T. fragilis and Paraprinospio pinnata showed the temporal patterns in their distribution, and were also correlated to the benthic environment, organic content and dissolved oxygen. Some dominant species, e.g., T. fragilis, S. scutata, G. gurjanovae proved to be useful benthic indicators based on the environmental variations determinated by long-term benthic ecological monitoring in Chonsu Bay.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.543-550
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• 2006

Distribution patterns of two pine sawyer species (Monochamus alternatus which is the main vector insect and M. saltuarius which is the potential insect vector of the pine wood nematode) were investigated in Korea. The data were collected at 89 study sites which were chosen to cover the whole region of South Korea. The selected pine trees were killed in early April and left for I year in the pine stands to be egg-laid by the pine sawyers. Emergence of the beetles from the dead pine trees was checked from early April to late July. M. saltuarius was the most abundant in the mid to northern areas of South Korea, whereas M. alternatus in Jeju-do, southernmost island of Korea. Considering temperature distribution patterns in areas where the two species occur, their thermal distribution boundary may be formed around $13.2^{\circ}C$ of annual mean temperature. The hypothesized distribution map of the two Monochamus species under the invasion of pine wilt disease is suggested on the base of thermal distribution of Korean peninsula.