• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.172-177
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the dietary effects of conventional or lutein fortified chlorella on lutein absorptions, the tissue distributions and the changes in lutein content of eggs in laying hens. In Exp 1, a total of one hundred and fifty, 70 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were divided into three groups with five replicates and fed with each experiment diet (control diet, diet with 1% conventional chlorella or lutein fortified chlorella) for 2 wk, respectively. The egg production in groups fed diets containing both chlorella powders were higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). With chlorella supplementations, the yolk color significantly increased, although there were no significant differences in the eggshell qualities. The lutein contents of serum, liver and growing oocytes were greatly increased by feeding conventional or lutein fortified chlorella (p<0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of ninety 60 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were assigned into three groups with three replicates per group (10 birds per replicate). The birds were fed with one of three experimental diets (0, 0.1 or 0.2% lutein fortified chlorella) for 2 wk, respectively. The egg production was not affected by dietary treatments. The egg weight in the group fed with diet containing 0.2% of lutein fortified chlorella was higher than that of the control (p<0.05). As the dietary chlorella levels increased, the daily egg mass linearly increased, although not significantly. The yolk colors in groups fed diets containing lutein fortified chlorella were dramatically increased as compared to the control (p<0.001). The lutein in chicken eggs significantly increased when fed with 0.2% of lutein fortified chlorella (p<0.01). These results suggested that the dietary lutein derived from chlorella was readily absorbed into the serum and absorbed by the liver with growing oocyte for commercial laying hens. Particularly, the lutein fortified chlorella was a valuable natural source for the production of lutein enriched chicken eggs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-158
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalent characteristics of fowl typhoid (FT) of chicken caused by Salmonella gallinarum in Korea. The occurrence of FT for 7 years from 1995 to 2001 in Korea was analyzed. The incidence of FT outbreaks was 10.3% of the total outbreaks of avian infectious disease cases diagnosed at National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS) from 1995 to 2001. When the outbreaks of H cases was analyzed in relation to the chicken breeds, the incidence of FT in commercial layers, commercial broilers, egg-type breeders, and meat-type breeders was 71.4%, 25.0%, 0.2% and 3.4%, respectively. Especially, the incidence in layers fell 25.8~27.6% in 2000 and 2001 from 1999, on the other hand, the amount of FT vaccines assayed at NVRQS for use in layers only jumped to 57,881.5$\times$1,000 dose in 2001, an increase of 4 times from the previous year. In the analysis of the seasonal distribution, it was found the incidence was high in summer (38.5%) and fall (33.9%). Also, the age comparison analysis showed that the rate of FT outbreaks in layers was highest (45.6%) between 10 to 30 weeks. However, in broilers, the highest percentage (61.6%) was shown at the age of below 2 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 1978

In order to investigate the effect of dietary long chain fatty acids on fatty acid biosynthesis of liver in birds, single comb White Leghron male chicks were fed a fat-free diet an diets containing margaric, stearic and linoleic acids and liver lipid components and liver and plasma fatty acid distributions were compared. Total lipids of tissues were extracted with a chloroform-methanol mixture. The lipid components were determined by thin layer chromatography and fatty acid distribution of lipid fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Fatty acid feeding did not affect liver lipid components. When margaric acid(17 : 0), was fed, 17:0 and heptadecenoic acid(17:1) appeared in every lipid fractions of liver and plasma, and distribution values of these acids were not significantly different between the lipid fractions of liver. In blood plasma of the 17 : 0 fed chicks, however, significantly higher distribution values of 17 : 0 and 17.1 were observed in the triglyceride fraction and in the cholesterol ester fraction, respectively. Dietary stearic acid (18 : 0) did not show any effect on the distribution of 18 : 0 in every lipid fractions of liver but showed a significantly higher distribution value of 18 : 0 in the free fatty acid fraction of plasma. When linoleic acid (18 : 2) was fed, every lipid fractions of liver and plasma contained 18 : 2, especially a significantly higher distribution value was observed in the phospholipid fraction of liver. Dietary margaric and linoleic acids tended to decrease the distribution value of endogenously synthesized palmitoleic (16 : 1) and oleic (18 : 1) acids in liver.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2018

This study aimed to investigate the effects of vacuum packaging on the quality characteristics of frozen Tteokgalbi made from spent laying hen meat and mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM). The samples were prepared with different levels of added MDCM; C (0%), T1 (20%), T2 (40%), and T3 (60%). The samples were allocated for microbiological and physico-chemical analyses after 0, 45, and 90 days at $-18^{\circ}C$, with or without vacuum packaging. After 90 days of storage, the values of volatile basic nitrogen were significantly lower in the vacuum packaged samples compared to the non-vacuum samples, irrespective of the added levels of MDCM (p<0.05). Sensory results at day 0 of storage showed that the texture scores of C and T1 samples were significantly higher than those of T2 and T3, while the flavor scores were the lowest for the T3 samples (p<0.05). In addition, with increased storage duration, the texture and flavor attributes of the vacuum-packaged samples were found to be higher than those of non-vacuum samples. In general, the vacuum-packaged samples tended to show superior physico-chemical quality characteristics compared to the non-vacuum samples, when the storage time was extended up to 90 days.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2013

There are several loci controlling the feather color of birds, of which one of the most studied is Extended black (E) encoding the melanocortin 1-receptor (MC1R). Mutations in this gene affect the relative distribution of eumelanin, phaeomelanin. The association of feather color and sequence polymorphism in the melanocortin 1-receptor (MC1R) gene was investigated using Korean native chicken H breed (H_PL) and 'Woorimatdag' commercial chickens (Woorimatdag_CC). In order to correlate gene mutation to Korean native chicken feather color, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from MC1R gene sequence were investigated. A total of 307 birds from H_PL and Woorimatdag_CC were used. H_PL have black, black-brown feather color and Woorimatdag_CC have black with brown spots or brown with black spots. There are 6 SNPs in MC1R gene, locus T69C, C212T, A274G, G376A, G636A, T637C. 3 SNPs are nonsynonymous that change amino acid. But it is difficult to find correlation of feather color and polymorphisms. It will be needed to increase the population of Korean native chicken H breed and correlation analysis of genetic variation with feather colors.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.2 s.143
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• pp.139-143
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• 2006

Imago's flight activities of Protaetia brevitarsis were from mid June to early September, and those of Allomyrina dichotoma were from mid June to late August. These activities were mainly influenced by amount and duration of rain. They were more active when there was small amount and short period of rain in a year. Distribution depth of the 3$^{rd}$ larvae of P. brevitarsis were not affected to the temperature. But A. dichotoma were sensitively react to the temperature, almost larvae were near the surface when high temperature. The distribution of P. brevitarsis was not affected by humidity, but most of A. dichotoma were near the surface when high humidity. Larvae of P. brevitarsis usually ate their dead individuals. When we supplied as food the pork, chicken, fresh mackerel, bread, apple, and pear. They took all of these food but larvae of A. dichotoma took only bread. Two species were lived in similar environment but those feeding habit was very different.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.135-144
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• 2019

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI; H9N2) and Newcastle disease (ND) are economically important poultry diseases in Korea. In this study, we investigated pathological features and virus distribution in the lymphoid tissues of chicks experimentally infected with H9N2 and/or ND virus. Six-weeks-old SPF chickens were divided into 4 groups, Control (C), H9N2 (E1), NDV (E2), and H9N2+NDV (E3). E1 group was challenged with 0.1 ml A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 (H9N2) $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ intranasally, E2 group was challenged with 0.5 ml KJW (NDV) $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ intramuscularly, and E3 group was challenged with H9N2, followed 7 days later by NDV. In histopathological examination, E1 group showed depletion and necrosis in bursa of Fabricius, thymus, cecal tonsil, and spleen, whereas E2 and E3 groups were noted severe lymphocyte depletion and necrosis with destruction of lymphoid organs structures. In TUNEL assay, apoptotic bodies were detected in lymphoid organs of all experimental groups, which was most severe in E3 group. H9N2 and ND viruses were predominantly detected in cecal tonsil of E1, E2, and E3 groups by PCR and immunohistochemistry (ICH). In conclusion, co-infection of H9N2 with NDV caused severe pathologic lesions and apoptosis in lymphoid tissues compared to single infections.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.501-512
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• 1999

We analyzed the contents of 12 types of minerals such as calcium in muscle from various species. Thereafter we observed changes of the concentrations according to age, part and sex in major domestic animals. The concentrations of calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium and zinc were high respectively whilst the content of cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum and nickel were low respectively in the muscle. The concentration of calcium was high in duck and dog but low in pig and horse. Also high level of sodium content was detected in dog and the content of potassium, iron showed high level in horse compared with the content in other animals. In 6 types of microminerals as cobalt, the level of muscle were no more than 1 ppm showing very low content in all animal, but $2.99{\pm}0.85$ppm of copper in duck was an exceptional case. According to the age some species showed small range of variation centering on macrominerals and there was no remarkable change in microminerals. Distribution of minerals was different according to the part and the variation was very diverse compared with other factors such as age and sex. Additionally, the content of minerals in muscle was higher in female than in male chicken and duck. In conclusion, the difference of the content of minerals according to the species was mainly focused on macrominerals.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.612-617
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• 2009

This study was conducted to assess the information of food safety by college students according to mass-media reports. To accomplish this, a survey was conducted to investigate the preference and reliability, of primary mass-media sources of BSE information, and BSE-related knowledge of college students. The most common sources of media by male and female students were terrestrial television(60%), the internet(21%) and newspapers(11%) and terrestrial television(60%), newspapers (18%) and the internet(17%), respectively. The reliability of media of male students were terrestrial television(53%) and the internet(40%), while for female students these values were terrestrial television(55%) and internet(37%), respectively. In the case of male students, the primary sources of information regarding BSE were terrestrial television(54%) and the internet(38%), but for female students the primary sources were terrestrial television(57%) and the internet(37%). Both male and female students were found to have less knowledge regarding prions, SRM, and MM type genes associated with BSE when compared to the other factors associated with this disease. In addition, the important determining factors for the food purchase of male and female students both were the orders of taste, hygiene, price. The preferences for meats and the beef-alternative meats of male and female students were the orders of pork, chicken. Based on these results, greater efforts should be made to provide meaningful information regarding the safe production and distribution of meats.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.171-186
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• 1999

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic or chronically relapsing, pruritic dermatitis. It commonly occurs in patients with a personal or family history of atopy. We studied 67 children suffering from atopic dermatitis Oriental Medicine Hospital in Kyunghee University, and analyzed sex, age, feeding, clinical manifestation, risk factor. The results were as follows : 1.Most age distribution of children was from 2 to 6, male to female ratio was 1:1.03 2.Breast-feeding to milk-feeding ratio was 2.93:1 3.Frequency of aggravating symptom by specific food was 31.3%, among this, meat(especially chicken) was revealed high risk factor 4.Frequency of family history suffering from other allergic disease was 61.2%, among this father to mother ratio was 1.27:1 5.Sites of atopic dermatitis were as follows : The inner space of elbow and knee joint was 77.65, back, face, neck was 56.7%, back of ear was 52.2%, wrist was 46.3%, abdomen was 38.8%, ankle was 34.3%,head was 29.9%.