• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.26-49
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the equity of health care utilization by income groups in terms of both quantity and quality of care, which is measured by expenditure, type of care, and type of health care institutions. Equity in health care utilization is measured by HIwv index, based on the survey of 1,480 Gwangju-Jeonnam residents. Health care utilization in terms of the probability and quantity of outpatient and inpatient care show equitable or pro-poor inequitable distribution, whereas the distribution of health care expenditure, which can account for the quality of care, is pro-rich inequitable, implying that the better off tend to use more expensive medical care. In terms of the types of care, simple visits for basic care show equitable distribution, whereas the distribution of the utilization of traditional tonic medicine, comprehensive health examination, CT, MRI, and ultrasound is pro-rich inequitable. Utilization of general hospitals and traditional health institutions show pro-rich inequitable distribution, hospitals and dental care institutions equitable, and physician clinics and public health centers pro-poor inequitable.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.20 no.9
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2022

Purpose: Public sector is usually not an attractive career choice for the youths, due to the uncompetitive income and the working environment. Therefore, understanding the motivations of the Generation Z, the currently early-career employees, to work in the public sector is important. This research aims to address a gap in the literature on the linkage between Personality Traits of Generation Z and Public Service Motivation (PSM). Research Design, Data, and Methodology: Using the sample of Vietnamese generation Z, it shows how individual personality, as defined by the Big Five, affects PSM. A quantitative survey of 355 university students, who are members of this generation and are preparing to join the labor market, was undertaken. We used SEM to examine the results. Results: Our findings show that Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness are significant antecedents of PSM. Agreeableness, which leads to three PSM dimensions, namely Compassion, Self-Sacrifice, and Commitment to Public Values, is the best predictor of this motivation. Meanwhile, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness only affect the dimension of Compassion. Conclusion: This study adds to the limited current knowledge on the personality-PSM relationship among generation Z. The distribution of affective (Compassion, Self-Sacrifice) and norm-based (Commitment to Public Values) motives provide insight for both career counselors and recruiters in public service delivery.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.43-56
• /
• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of investing into technology development on banking performance in an emerging country. Research design, data and methodology: Based on the data of 12 commercial banks listed in Vietnam from 2011 to 2019 and performing multivariable regression analyses as well as conducting a variety of robustness tests, we carry out the empirical investigation to discover this impact. Results: Our empirical evidence shows that these spending help to improve significantly performance of banks. Particularly, the technology expenditures have positive effect on the net interest margin and the non-interest income in which the level of influence on the latter is relatively remarkable in comparison with the former. At the same time, the result does not support the view that increasingly spending on technology may lead banks to face the risk of instability. Conclusions: Overall, our empirical analysis indicates that increasing investment into distribution information and communication technologies will help to enhance business strategies of banks and thus we advocate the bright side of technology development and digitalization in banking sector. We believe that the research is useful for both managers, regulators and policy makers in Vietnam as well as in countries having similar financial structure.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.97-111
• /
• 1990

This paper examines the effect of redistributive inheritance tax on income distribution and social welfare. The model used here is the Overlapping-Generations Model consisting of individuals with different bequest motives where the lifetime income distribution in each cohort is determined endogeneously by the dynamic bequest process. It is shown that the introduction of redistributive inheritance tax can improve the vertical equity in the sense that the increase in tax rate reduces the coefficient of variations of intra-cohort income distribution in steady-state. However, it is also shown that, the effect on social welfare, when measured by Benthamite SWF, is uncertain in general. The numerical simulations show that, in spite of its equity-enhancing effect, the tax increase can actually lower the steady-state social welfare within the plausible range of parametric values, through the long-run output effect as well as the deadweight welfare loss incurred by tax distortion. Hence, the problem of equity-efficiency trade-off can arise in this case. However, if both the market interest rate and the elasticity of marginal utility in individual's preference function are sufficiently high, it is shown to be possible that the steady-state social welfare is enhanced by the introduction of inheritance tax.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.37-48
• /
• 1991

The purpose of this study is to investigate the price-quality satisfaction focus on clothing. For the purpose, a survey was conducted using questionnaires. Frequency distribution, Percentile, Mean , One-Way ANOVA , Scheffe test, t-test, were used for data analysis. The main result are as follows. First, in general the price-quality satisfaction was somewhat high. Second, the price quality satisfaction was influenced by social economic variables (age , income, education) consumer attitude, and market environment.

• East Asian Economic Review
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.237-252
• /
• 2020

This paper characterizes the optimal reciprocal trade policy in the environment of Melitz (2003) with firm productivity heterogeneity. In particular, without making parametric assumptions on firm productivity distribution, this paper derives the optimal degree of reciprocal tariff reductions that maximize the world welfare. A reciprocal import subsidy raises the industry productivity, lowering aggregate price; a reciprocal import tariff helps correct the markup distortion, increasing nominal income. With all the conflicting effects of import tariffs on welfare considered, the optimal degree of reciprocity in multilateral tariff reduction is shown to be free trade.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.94-108
• /
• 1982

소득분포에 관한 연구는 경제이론의 측면에서나 사회정의의 차원에서 많은 연구자들의 관심의 초점이 되어 왔다. 특히 경제 성장과 개발의 과정에서 그 과실의 분배효과가 장기적으로 공동체로서의 사회적 개발의식에 미치는 영향이 크다는 사실에 비추어 이 문제는 단순히 기능적인 측면에서의 고찰보다는 체제와 이념적인 차원으로서의 문제로 발전되고, 또한 이 차원에서 구명되는 주요과제로 남게 되었다. 이 논문은 RGKO 방정식을 소개하는 절은 서론뒤에 후속시켰고, 이에 따라 가설의 공리성을 그다음 절에서 밝히고 있으며, 그 뒤로는 구체적인 추정절차를 논술하고, 끝으로 결론과 부록을 첨부하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.325-333
• /
• 2010

Protection against disclosure of survey respondents' identifiable and/or sensitive information is a prerequisite for statistical agencies that release microdata files from their sample surveys. Coarsening is one of popular methods for protecting the confidentiality of the data. Grouped data can be released in the form of microdata or tabular data. Instead of releasing the data in a tabular form only, having microdata available to the public with interval codes with their representative values greatly enhances the utility of the data. It allows the researchers to compute covariance between the variables and build statistical models or to run a variety of statistical tests on the data. It may be conjectured that the variance of the interval data is lower that of the ungrouped data in the sense that the coarsened data do not have the within interval variance. This conjecture will be investigated using the uniform and triangular distributions. Traditionally, midpoint is used to represent all the values in an interval. This approach implicitly assumes that the data is uniformly distributed within each interval. However, this assumption may not hold, especially in the last interval of the economic data. In this paper, we will use three distributional assumptions - uniform, Pareto and lognormal distribution - in the last interval and use either midpoint or median for other intervals for wage and food costs of the Statistics Korea's 2006 Household Income and Expenditure Survey(HIES) data and compare these approaches in terms of the first two moments.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 2009

As part of the government's efforts to stabilize the people's livelihood in response to the economic downturn arising from the global financial crisis, this research focuses on a more efficient and appropriate political operation of gift certificate issuance (Onnuri, Hope Labor, regional gift certificates) to support the socially disadvantaged class and increase the income of less affluent regions to stimulate local economy through employment opportunities. This study extends beyond a short-term solution for distributors in traditional markets to provide a framework to improve regional competitiveness.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 2023

After the outbreak of the COVID-19 in the early 2020, Korea has attempted to reinforce the existing rent controls to help the low-income households. From July 2000, the tenants' right of lease renewal came into effect, as a policy tool to enforce the upper bound percentage of rent increases within Korea. Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of rent control on the uncontrolled rents in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Research design, data and methodology: The study regresses the monthly panel data from 58 municipalities in SMA from January 2020 to March 2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The data indicates that the policy had the effect of lowering rents for a period of two months, and subsequently monetary policy including quantitative easing and low interest rates, coupled with asset market bubbles lead to rent increases. During the sample data period, the quantity of money supply increased by 12.6% and CPI rose by 3.0%, these phenomena collectively increased the rents by up to 14.7%. Conclusions: The results of the present study support the findings of earlier studies in part: namely, that rent control without the government's steps to stabilize the property price may have an undesirable effect on rental tenants.