• 한국사회복지학
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.191-216
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• 2007

본 연구는 가족과의 관계 속에서 형성되는 여성 빈곤의 문제, 특히 남성 생계부양자 규범에 의해 여성들이 어떻게 자원배분과 자원통제에서 배제되어 빈곤에 취약해지게 되었는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 이혼경험이 있는 저소득 여성가구주 10명의 생애사를 분석하였다. 저소득 여성가구주들이 빈곤층에 이르게 되기까지 빈곤경로에 있어서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 여성가구주들이 빈곤에 이르게 되는 경로에 따라서 빈곤의 지속유형과 빈곤으로의 유입유형으로 분류하였다. 여성가구주의 빈곤은 출생 가족과 결혼 후 가족에서 자원형성과 자원배분, 자원통제에서의 차별을 통해서 빈곤에 취약해졌다. 남성 생계부양자 규범은 차별기제로 작동되었으나 빈곤화 경로 유형에 따라서 그것이 작동되는 방식에서 차이가 있음을 드러내었다. 빈곤의 지속 유형 사례 여성들에게 남성 생계부양자 규범은 상징적인 힘으로 작동되면서 이 여성들의 경제활동은 가족을 보살펴야 하는 아내 역할의 차원에서 수행되었다. 반면 빈곤으로의 유입 유형 사례 여성들에게 남성 생계부양자 규범은 피부양자의 위치로 자신을 인식함으로서 직업경력 단절 및 자원통제권을 상실하게 되면서 빈곤에 취약해졌다. 이러한 연구결과는 지금까지 여성가구주로 빈곤 논의에서 전제되고 있는 통념이 허구임을 밝힘으로써, 가족(The Family)만 유지된다면 여성은 빈곤하지 않을 것이라는 기존 시각을 문제화하고 관점 전환의 필요성을 제안하고 있다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2017

Purpose - The total amount of advanced Corporate Pension Insurance products exceed 148 trillion Korean Won at the end of 2016. For a firm with over 300 employees, when a bill on compulsion of introduction of Corporate Pension Insurance products, currently pending in court, is passed, Corporate Pension shall be an essential. The findings of the paper will provide a guideline for understanding on firm's attributes and its effects towards introduction of Corporate Pension Insurance products. Research design, data, and methodology - The data were collected using statistics of employer panel survey from Korea Labour Institute in 2013. The study analyses a sample survey on 1,775 outstanding enterprises and their HR department among whole corporations in Korea. For analysis of data, empirical testing by Logistic Regression was utilized. Results - As an outcome of empirical testing, variables on share of regular employees and the aged employees in over 50's generates a significant statistical meaning. It eventually gives a great impact on purchase of Corporate Pension scheme. Moreover, variables on corporate financial statement, current sales, current net income, total amount of the debts, labor cost per person also has a vital influence on introduction of Corporate Pension Insurance products. Lastly, variables on firm's labor relationship have no effect except for the execution or non-execution of HR consulting. Meanwhile, Variables affecting a choice on pension schemes types among firm's attributes are a share of regular employees, current net income, execution or non-execution of HR consulting etc. These variables represents a statistical implication. According to their each features, they prefer DB or DC plan. Conclusions - Introduction of corporate pension scheme is apposite to contemporary Korea's situation entering a hyper-aging society and firms with a high share of regular employees, the weight of aging, current sales, current net income and labor cost per person are exceedingly active in purchasing Corporate Pension Insurance products. However, after the introduction of corporate pension scheme, firms which has an implementation of consultation on human resource management, flexible benefits plan, job security and welfare system prefer DC plan whereas from financial perspective firms with high net income prefer DB plan.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of the research is to identify the demographic characteristics of the customers with high private label purchase intention. According to the previous research demographics such as gender, age, income, and residence type affect private label purchase intention indirectly through psychographics rather than directly. For instance, higher income group is time pressured, price-insensitive, quality-sensitive, less likely to enjoy shopping utilitarian products, and less likely to be variety-seeking. The main contribution of this research is to verify the results found in the previous empirical foreign research using scanner data and to investigate the differences of the characteristics of private label users between Korea and the foreign countries. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to empirically test the proposed hypotheses, scanner data of a Korean major super center was analyzed. Results - Empirical results show that private labels are more favored by old people over 50s, dwellers in individual house, lower income group, and frequent store visitors. Age of 30s, dwellers in the apartment of 30 pyung, higher income group, and consumers who purchased a large amount are less likely to purchase private labels. Gender turned out not to affect private label purchase. It should be noted that there is a significant multicollinearity among independent variables. Conclusions - The research findings provide managerial implication for retailers' private label strategy. In general, retailers heavily send private label coupons to the customers with high purchase volume. According to the research, however, store visit frequency is much more positively associated with private label purchase than purchase amount. The study has some limitations. The samples are only consumers with private label purchase experience. The data were drawn from one store and only 8 commodity products were used for the analysis. Also, if more demographics were available, a more complete description on the private brand users' profile could have been derived. We propose the following future research. Research using the data including consumers without private label experience, research investigating direction of causality between private label loyalty and store loyalty, and research using hedonic private label products such as TV and PC could be promising.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.83-101
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• 2008

This research performs a multi comparison between the age of old households and the economic structure according to accommodation type as well as analyzing the economical structural difference of each type based on the features of aged households. The paper classified aged households into 3 groups according to age distribution. The economic structure analysis according to the age of old households and accommodation type was shown as follow: First, the economical structural analysis based on the age of old households showed a statistical difference in the total, labor, business, property and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, the non-business income and liabilities did not show a significant difference. Second, in the analysis of different economic earnings and initial expenses of middle-aged households according to the age distribution group showed a disparity in the total, labor, business, property, and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, aged households showed a statistical difference in total, labor, business and transfer income variables. Third, in the analysis of difference in the expense provision and size of consumption, there was a statistical difference in the expense variables of total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication. Fourth, in the analysis of difference in the size of consumption expense, the initial and middle-aged households showed a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, communication, and consumption expense variables. However, the analysis of aged households has shown a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication expense variables. The study found a statistical difference in the expense for hygienics that did not appear in the initial and middle-aged households.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2021

The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the issue of poverty is one of the most acute social problems of the beginning of the third millennium. The phenomenon of poverty is widespread in third world countries as well as it is observed in relatively developed countries. Poverty rates in Latin America are threatening. Consequently, the issue of social and economic inequality in these countries has become extremely acute. The purpose of the research: to identify the causes of poverty and social inequality and substantiate the main directions of poverty reduction in third world countries. The research methods: comparative analysis; index method; systematization; grouping; generalization. Results. The classification of the causes of poverty has been carried out and the directions of its overcoming in the countries of Latin America on groups of indicators have been defined, namely: 1) political; 2) economic; 3) demographic; 4) regional-geographical; 5) social; 6) qualification; 7) personal. Based on the Net Domestic Product indicator, a comparison of economic indicators of the studied countries has been carried out. It has been revealed that from 1990 to 2018 income inequality increased in 52 of 119 countries studied, and decreased in 57 states. Inequality has increased in the world's most populous countries, particularly China and India. In general, countries with growing inequality are home to more than two-thirds (71%) of the world's population. Trends in the distribution of income in the world have been investigated by applying the Gini index, the high level of which is observed in Latin America (Colombia 48,9%, Panama 46,1%, Chile and Mexico 45,9%). The forecast of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on this issue has been outlined; the ways of its impact on the economies of the countries have been studied. As a result of the study, the main directions and mechanisms of the strategy for poverty reduction and social inequality in the third world countries have been identified. The implementation of the poverty reduction strategy presented in this academic paper may have a positive impact on the economic situation of the population of Latin American countries.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.277-287
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• 2020

The study examines the impact of international integration on Vietnam's rural and urban income inequalities using the regression model. The data used for this study is based on the results of the Vietnam Household Living Standards survey from 2008 to 2016 of the General Statistics Office. These surveys conducted nationwide with a sample size of 46,995 households in 3,133 communes/wards which were representative at national, regional, urban, rural and provincial levels. The level of international economic integration used in the study is the proportion of import and export turnover of GDP, the proportion of FDI and GDP by province. Due to the heterogeneity and unobservableness of the single observant in the data set, we selected the models of random and fixed effects. The research results show that during the economic integration process, the Export/GDP factor is negatively related to income inequality. The remaining factors (GDP per capita, FDI/GDP, Educational level of households, Percentage of internet users, Aggregation of foreign cash inflow and GDP of the province) are all positively related to income inequality. The findings help assess the impact of international integration on rural-urban income inequality, but also provides a concrete basis to help policymakers address income inequality in the integration process.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.157-174
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• 2007

Concerning this nation's M&A system, it is expected that standards of limitation on ownership is considerably modified and alleviated. This would allow companies to freely merge with each other, raising the efficiency of the whole national economy and ultimately benefiting all economic subjects. Another goal of business merger lies in adjusting net income or reducing tax amount. The income and the amount are to be financially reported. If merger between companies does not create any synergy effect, but just contributes to net income increase or tax reduction for the purpose of the parties' financial reporting, it might distort a rational distribution of wealth over all facets of economy. Merger whose goal is to create the most desirable synergy effect should be positively encouraged, but that whose goal lies in tax avoidance needs to be strongly restricted. Thus the purpose of this study was to find how to improve this nation's merger-related taxation system. For the purpose, this researcher investigated problems of existing tax supports to merger, which meets related taxation requirements, especially in terms of liquidation income, appraisal profit from merger, fictitious dividend and requirements for taxation. Among the problems, the study found, the biggest thing was that liquidation income or deficit carried forward, if any, is subject to be prior deducted from surplus, so the income is likely to generate. To raise the consistency of this nation's taxation on business restructuring, existing local systems in regard to merger, division, investment in kind and dividend-exclusion method need to be reconsidered following the introduction of consolidated taxation system.

• 한국인구학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.245-257
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• 2005

이 논문은 1993년에서 1998년까지 임금 노동자들의 소득을 분석하였다. 한국의 경제와 그에 따른 노동자들의 소득은 1997년 말에 시작된 경제위기와 IMF 경제하에서 급격한 변화를 겪었다. 소득이 어떻게 변화하였는지 교육, 성, 연령을 중요한 변수로 여기는 인적 자본론을 바탕으로 분석하였다. 1993년에서 1998년까지 소득변화에 미치는 성 효과는 어떤 유형을 찾기 어렵지만 교육 효과는 점차 감소하고 있으며 연령 효과는 급격히 감소하고 있다. 소득변화에 미치는 세 변수의 누적 효과는 증가하다가 감소하고 다시 증가하다가 감소하는 파도와 같은 모양을 보이지만 전체적으로는 점차 감소하고 있다. 이 논문은 패널조사로 구성된 원자료를 사용하였기 때문에 조사가 어려운 저소득층이 점차 줄어드는 제한점이 있다.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.31-55
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• 2018

돌봄의 경제적 불이익과 성불평등은 서로를 강화한다. 성불평등의 기저에 돌봄의 불평등한 분배와 대우가 자리하고 있다. 돌봄은 성불평등을 심화시키는 경제적 불이익을 초래한다. 돌봄을 수행하는 자는 사회경제적 권력 관계에서 보통 약자의 위치를 점하고 있으며, 사회경제적 약자가 수행하는 돌봄은 그 수행에 대한 공정한 대우와 보상의 목소리를 내기가 어렵다. 그 결과 낮은 경제적 가치를 갖게 된 돌봄을 수행하는 자는 더욱 취약한 사회경제적 지위와 권력 관계에 놓여 불평등한 성별 관계를 지속시킨다. 기본소득 제도는 성불평등을 완화할 수 있는 잠재적 가능성을 지니고 있지만, 돌봄 노동의 특수한 성격이 야기하는 경제적 불이익은 그러한 잠재적 가능성을 희석시킬 수 있다. 기본소득 제도가 여성의 실질적 자유를 실현하기 위해서는 돌봄의 경제적 불이익에 대한 천착과 적극적 개입이 필요하다. 본 논문은 기본소득 지지론자들의 돌봄 노동에 대한 관점을 검토하고, 돌봄노동의 고유한 특성으로 인한 돌봄불이익이 완화 혹은 해소되지 않는다면 기본소득이 도입되어도 돌봄 노동 선택의 성별화를 변화시키는 데 한계가 있다고 주장한다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to understand the brand marketing of agricultural products and redefine their status in South Korea by analyzing impacts on consumer buying behaviors. Research design, data, and methodology - Products, with independent variables, were divided into agricultural brand products and generic products. Dependent variables were limited to expanding sales of a specialty brand through consumer awareness, consumer buying behavior, and confidence in agricultural products' quality. Control variables were based on characteristics of products such as freshness, safety, quality, and their category. Moderating effects were examined on consumer characteristics, including income levels and age. Results - Consumers increasingly purchased agricultural brand products rather than generic agricultural products because of the general reliability of quality assurance. Conclusions - Large agricultural specialty stores have enhanced the perceptions of quality assurance, freshness, safety, and diversity. Through a critical analysis of the domestic consumer income levels and age, gender, and demographic factors, such as agricultural consumer buying behavior not affecting consumers' health and life, this study proposes positive changes in quality perception.