• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.215-223
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• 1995

Purpose : The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness, survival rate and complication of radiation in nasopharyngeal cancer. Materials and Methods : From January 1980 to May 1989. Fifty patients who had nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with curative radiation therapy at Kosin Medical Center were retrospectively studied. Thirty seven patients($74{\%}$) were treated with radiation therapy alone(Group I) and 13 patients ($26{\%}$) treated with combination of chemotherapy and radiation (Group II). Age distribution was 16-75 years(median : 45.8 years). In histologic type, squamous cell carcinoma was in 30 patients($60{\%}$), undifferentiated carcinoma in 17 patients($34{\%}$), and lymphoepithelioma in 3 patients($6{\%}$). According t AJCC staging system. 4 patients($8{\%}$) were in $T_1$, 13 patients($26{\%}$) in $T_2$. 20 patients($40{\%}$) in $T_3$, 13 patients($26{\%}$) in $T_4$ and 7 patients($14{\%}$) in $N_0$, 6 patients($12{\%}$) $N_1$, 23 patients($46{\%}$) in $N_2$, 14 patients($28{\%}$) in $N_3$. Total radiation dose ranges were 5250-9200cGy(median : 7355 cGy) in Group I and 5360-8400cGy(median : 6758cGy) in Group II Radiotherapy on 4-6MV linear accelerator and/or 6-12MeV electron in boost radiation was given with conventional technique to 26 patients($52{\%}$), with hyperfractionation(115-120cGy/fr., 2times/day) to 16 patients($32{\%}$), with accelerated fractionation(160cGy/fr., 2 times/day) to 8 patients($16{\%}$). In chemotherapy, 5 FU 1000mg daily for 5 consecutive days, pepleomycin 10mg on days 1 and 3, and cisplatin 100mg on day 1 were administered with 3weeks interval, total 1 to 3 cycles(average 1.8cycles) prior to radiation therapy. Follow up duration was 6-140 months(mean : 58 months). Statistics was calculated with Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Results : Complete local control rates in Group I and II were $75.7{\%},\;69.2{\%} Overall 5 year survival rates in Group I and II were $56.8{\%},\;30.8{\%}$. Five year survival rates by histologic type in Group I and II were $52.2{\%},\;14.3{\%}$ is squamous cell carcinoma and $54.5{\%},\;50{\%}$ in undifferentiated carcinoma. Survival rates in Group I were superior to those of Group II though there were not statistically significant. In both group, survival rates seem to be increased according to increasing total dose of radiation up to 7500cGy, but not increased beyond it. There were not statistically significant differences in survival rates by age, stage, and radiation techniques in both group. Twenty four patients($48{\%}$) experienced treatment failures. Complications were found in 12 patients($24{\%}$). The most common one was osteomyelitis(4 patients, $33.3{\%}$) involving mandible (3 patients) and maxilla(1 patient). Conclusion : Chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy was found to be not effective to nasopharyngeal cancer and the survival rate was also inferior to that of radiation alone group though it was statistically not significant due to small population in chemotherapy combined group.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 1995

Purpose : The aim of this study is to analyze the survival rate, treatment failure and complication of radiation therapy alone in stage III uterine cervical cancer. Materials and Methods : From January 1980 through December 1985, 227 patients with stage III uterine cervical cancer treated with radiation therapy at Kosin Medical Center were retrospectively studied. Among 227 patients, 72 patients($317{\%}$) were stage IIIa, and 155 patients($68.3{\%}$) were stage IIIb according to FIGO classification. Age distribution was 32-71 years (median: 62 years). Sixty nine patients($95.8{\%}$) in stage IIIa and 150 patient ($96.8{\%}$) in stage IIIb were squamous cell carcinoma. pelvic lymph node metastasis at initial diagnosis was 8 patients($11.1{\%}$) in stage IIIa and 29 patients($18.7{\%}$) in stage IIIb, Among 72 patients with stage IIIa, 36 patients ($50{\%}$) were treated with external radiation therapy alone by conventional technique (180-200 cGy/fr.) and 36 patients($50{\%}$) were treated with external radiation therapy with intracavitary radiotherapy(ICR) with $Cs^{137}$ sources, and among 155 patients with stage IIIb, 80 patients ($51.6{\%}$) were treated with external radiation therapy alone and 75 patients ($48.4{\%}$) were treated with external radiation therapy with ICR. Total radiation doses of stage IIIa and IIIb were 65-105 Gy(median: 78.5 Gy) and 65-125.5 Gy (median 83.5 Gy). Survival rate was calculated by life-table method. Results : Complete response rates were $58.3{\%}$(42 patients) in stage IIIa and $56.1{\%}$(87 patients) in stage IIIb. Overall 5 year survival rates were $57{\%}$ in stage IIIa and $40{\%}$ in stage IIIb. Five year survival rates by radiation technique in stage IIIa and IIIb were $64{\%},\;40{\%}$ in the group treated in combination of external radiation and ICR, and $50\%,\;40\%$ in the group of external radiation therapy alone(P=NS). Five year survival rates by response of radiation therapy in stage IIIa and IIIb were $90\%,\;66\%$ in responder group and $10\%,\;7\%$ in non-responder group (P<0.001) There were statistically no significant differences of 5 year survival rate by total radiation doses and external radiation doses(40 Gy vs 50 Gy) of whole or true pelvis in stage IIIa and IIIb(P=NS). Treatment failures rates were $40.3\%$(29 patients) in stage IIla and $57.4\%$(89 patients) in stage IIIb. 17 patients ($23.6\%$) in stage IIIa and 46 patients ($29.7\%$) in stage IIIb experienced complications. Total radiation doses more than 85 Gy produced serious complication in both stage IIIa($50\%$) and IIIb($50\%$). Serious complication rates were higher in group received external radiation doses of 50 Gy than 40 Gy to whole or true pelvis in stage IIIa and IIIb. Serious rectal complication developed in rectal doses more than 65 Gy, and serious bladder complication developed in bladder doses more than 75 Gy. Major cause of death was cachexia due to locoregional failure in both stage IIIa($34.7\%$) and IIIb($43.9\%$). Conclusion : From this study, we found that external radiation therapy with ICR was found to have a tendency to be superior to external radiation therapy alone in survival rate, local control rate and complication rate but not different in statistics, and external radiation doses of 50 Gy than 40 Gy to whole or true pelvis produced serious rectal and bladder complications in stage III uterine cervical cancer.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.724-728
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• 2002

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism, which consists of presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 250-bp fragment, is associated with ischemic heart disease, renovascular disease, systemic lupus erythematosus. Subjects with the DD genotype have higher levels of circulating ACE than subjects with the II genotype and show an increased tendency towards vascular wall thickness and contribute to the development of vascular disease. But the association between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and cerebrovascular disease is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether the DNA polymorphism of the ACE are associated with cerebrovascular disease in Korean population. The study group comprised 377 Korean patients admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center in the year of 2000 for the treatment of brain infarction or brain hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed for each patient to determine the stroke phenotype, infarction or hemorrhage. The 183 subjects without evidence of brain infarction or brain hemorrhage were selected from the some ethnical population(control group). Venous blood samples were drawn from each subject for the extraction of DNA. Genotypes of ACE were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the genomic DNA. Case and control genotype frequencies were compared by chi-square testing. Both the patients and the controls were classified respectively into 4 groups: age less than forty years, age forty one to fifty, age fifty one to sixty, age greater than sixty years. There were no significant differences in the distributions of ACE genotypes among the patients with infarction, with hemorrhage and controls (Infarction: D/D 15.8%, I/D 46.7%, I/I 37.5%, Hemorrhage: D/D 15.1%, I/D 46.5%, I/I 38.4%, Control: D/D 18.6%, I/D 50.3%, I/I 31.2%). There was a significant difference in the distribution of ACE genotypes between the age greater than sixty year subgroup of patient with brain hemorrhage and the control (Hemorrhage: D/D 0%, I/D 55.6%, I/I 44.4%, Control: D/D 13.0%, I/D 63.0%, I/I 23.9%; Pearson Chi-Square value 5.956, P<0.05). Furthermore, the frequency of the ACE D/D type declined with increasing age both in the patient and control group (Patient group: age < 50 D/D 21.5%, age > 50 D/D 14.42%; Control group: age < 50 D/D 21.0%, age > 50 D/D 14.2%). In conclusion there is no clear association between ACE polymorphism and cerebrovascular disease in Korean population. Although, there was a tendency for the frequency of the ACE D/D type declined with increasing age in both patients and controls.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2011

The accelerated cooling rate associated with vitrification reduces injuries attributed to cryopreservation and improves the post-freezing developmental competence of vitrified embryos. In this study, embryos were vitrified and warmed and morphologically evaluated for their development to blastocysts. Survival rates between the fresh ($96.7%{\pm}3.8%$) and vitrified embryos ($90.7%{\pm}5.1%$) did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The mitochondrial membrane potential of fresh control cells measured by 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl carbocyanide iodide staining was similar to that of cryoprotected and vitrified embryos. Mitochondrial staining with rhodamine 123 did not differ among the fresh, cryoprotected, and vitrified embryos. Moreover, the distribution of $H_2O_2$, assessed by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining, did not differ among the groups. The results showed that the developmental rate did not differ significantly among the fresh ($87.8%{\pm}11.3%$), cryoprotected ($83.2%{\pm}7.6%$), and vitrified 2-cell embryos ($75.8%{\pm}14.2%$). The mean number of the inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE), and apoptotic cells was counted and statistically compared, and although the number of ICM and TE was decreased in the cryoprotected and vitrified embryos, there were no significant differences among the groups (P>0.05). During the cultivation period, randomly selected blastocysts from each group were stained using either 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and bisbenzimide or the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling technique. The incidence of apoptosis appeared to be almost identical in all the groups. Droplet vitrification could subsequently lead to high survival and developmental rates of cryopreserved mouse embryos.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.962-969
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 전산유체역학(CFD)를 이용하여 흄후드(fume hood)의 기류 유입특성 및 유속 분포를 평가하였다. 또한, 후드 개구면을 균일류 형성에 필요한 구조로 개선하였을 경우의 유동 특성을 예측하여 개선 효과를 검증하였다. 기존의 흄후드의 제어유속을 평가한 결과, 제곱평균(RMS)값과 비교했을 때 최대 23~30%의 편차가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 후드의 상부 유속이 하부 유속보다 58~68% 정도 빠른 것으로 나타나 후드 개구면에서의 유속 불균형이 매우 심한 것으로 평가되었다. 이에 후드 개구면에서의 균일한 배기흐름을 유지하기 위해 후드를 개선(안쪽벽에 배플 설치 및 슬롯 타입의 개구부 설계)한 결과, RMS값 대비 최대 7%의 편차를 보였으며 구간별 유속 편차는 최대 12% 정도로 예측되어 기존 구조에 비해 제어유속의 불균형이 많이 해소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.275-280
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• 1999

목 적 :국소적으로 진행된 비인두암환자에서 선행보조 항암화학요법의 실행 용이성과 부작용의 정도를 평가한다. 대상 및 방법 : 77명의 조직학적으로 비인두암으로 확진 되고 이전에 치료를 받은 적이 없는 진행된 병기의 비인두암 환자들이 1984년부터 1996년까지 서울대학교병원에서 선행보조 항암화학요법과 방사선치료를 시행 받았다. 환자군의 병기분포는 다음과 같다. 1992년 AJCC 분류법에 따라 제 3 병기에 속하는 환자가 2명이었고 제 4병기에 속하는 환자가 75명이었다. 방사선치료 시행 전에 선행보조 항암화학요법으로 66명의 환자가 5-FU와 Cisplatin의 정맥 내 투여를 시행 받았고, 11명의 환자가 5-FU와 Carboplatin의 정맥 내 투여를 시행 받았다. 생존환자의 중앙추적기간은 44개월이었다. 결 과 :항암화학요법에의 반응율은 87$\%$였다. 항암화학요법의 부작용은 심하지 않았다. 3명의 환자만이 3도의 부작용을 경험하였다. 1명은 백혈구 감소증을 보였고 2명은 오심과 구토의 부작용을 보였다. 방사선에 의한 점막염도 심하지 않았는데, 10명의 환자에서 2도의 점막염이 발생하였다. 5년 생존율과 5년 무병생존율은 각각 68$\%$와 65$\%$였다. 5년 무원격전이율은 82$\%$였으며 5년 국소 치유율은 75$\%$였다. 결 론 : 선행보조 항암화학요법이 진행된 병기의 비인두암 환자에 있어서 부작용을 크게 증가시키지 않으면서 효과적인 치료방법임을 알 수 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2008

레미콘 제조오차에 의한 콘크리트내의 물의 수량이 증가하면 내구성저하 등의 다양한 문제점을 야기하게 된다. 이러한 이유로 여러 방법들 중에 단위수량의 신속측정법인 정전용량법, 고주파가열법, 단위용적질량법을 이용하여 단위수량의 변동을 관리하고 있으며, 특히 일본의 경우에는 단위수량 변동 ($\pm$ 10, 15, 20 kg/$m^3$ 등)에 대한 관리지침을 규정하여 관리하고 있다. 그러나 일본에서 규정하고 있는 각종 지침들이 내구성 저하도를 고려하지 않은 상태에서 제조오차와 측정오차를 확률적으로 고려한 불확도 개념에서 합부판정 기준을 정하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 불확도 개념뿐만 아니라 실제 수량 산포에 따라 내구성 저하에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 수량을 추가로 첨가하여 동결융해, 중성화, 염해를 중심으로 내구성 저하도를 측정하였다. 이상의 실험 결과 일반강도 범위 내에서 15 kg/$m^3$ 이상의 수량이 추가로 첨가 되었을 경우 콘크리트의 성능 저하 효과가 크기 때문에 설계된 내구 성능의 적정 수준 이상을 유지하기 위해서는 배합 설계된 단위수량에 대한 품질관리에 유의할 필요가 있다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제51권10호
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• pp.96-106
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• 2014

기존 학계의 FPGA 툴 연구는 단순한 가상 아키텍처 모델 가정에 의존해 왔다. 이러한 제약을 극복하기 위한 첫걸음으로 분석적 배치 및 배치 적법화의 기본 알고리즘들을 상용 FPGA의 아키텍처에 적용하는 실제 상황에서 발생되는 이슈들을 도출하여 대안을 제시한 후 그 효과를 평가하였다. 먼저, 코어 사용률이 낮은 FPGA에서 배치된 셀들의 무게 중심이 칩 중심에서 벗어나는 현상이 발생할 수 있는데 이 변위를 최소화하는 함수를 분석적 배치의 목적 함수에 추가하였다. 또한 배치 밀도 평가의 정확도를 높이기 위해 셀 종류별로 별도의 밀도 행렬을 사용하는 다층 분석, 그리고 자원이 매우 한정된 블록의 조기 고정 방안을 제안하였다. 그밖에, 슬라이스 내에서 두 개의 플립플롭이 제어 핀들을 공유하기 때문에 발생하는 호환성 문제를 개선하기 위한 플립플롭 사전 패킹도 제안하였다. 제안된 기법은 상용 FPGA 아키텍처를 정확하게 모델링하고 수정 개선할 수 있는 K-FPGA 패브릭 평가 툴킷을 근간으로 구현되었으며 12개의 실용 예제에 적용하여 기존 방식에 비해 평균적으로 배선길이 22%, 슬라이스 사용량 5%를 감축하는 효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구는 신규 FPGA 아키텍처 개발을 위한 최적화 CAD 툴 개발 연구의 기초가 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.522-531
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• 1999

This research identifies the ingress to egress primary factors that causes a patient to receive delayed emergency medical care. This material was collected between February 1st to 28th, 1998. Research envolved 4,118 people who visited the college emergency medical center in Kyeongido Province, South Korea. Medical records were examined, using the retrospective method. to determine the length of stay and the main cause for waiting. Results are as follows : 1. The age group with the highest admission rate was 10 and under, approximately 1,394 (33.9%). Followed by an even distribution for ages between 11-50 at 10-15% for their respective ranges. The lowest admission rate was 50 years and above. 2. From the 4,118 records examined, 3,489 received outpatient treatment (84.7%); 601 were admitted for inpatient care (14.6%); 25 arrived dead on arrival (0.6%); and 4 people died at the hospital. 3. Between 7PM to 12AM, 42.9% were admitted to the EMC. The hours from 9PM to 11PM recorded the highest admission rate and 5AM to 8AM was the lowest From 8PM to 12AM, the most beds were occupied. 4. For most patients. the average length of stay was approximately 2.2 hours. By medical department, external medicine was the longest for 2.8 hours. Pediatrics was the shortest for 1.6 hours. The average waiting period for inpatient admission was 2.6 hours. Inpatient admission for pediatrics and external medicine was 3.4 hours and 2.2 hours respectively. 5. Theses are primary factors for delay at EMC: 1) pronged medical consultations to decide between inpatient versus outpatient treatment, and delaying to be inpatient, 2) when you call physicians they are delayed to come 3) Understaffing during peak or critical hours, 4) Excessive consulting with different medical departments, 5) some patients require longer monitoring periods, 6) medical records are delayed in transit between departments, 7) repeated laboratory tests make delay the result, 8) overcrowded emergency x-ray place causes delay taking x-ray and portable x-ray, 9) the distance between EMC and registration and cashier offices is too far. 10) hard to control patient's family members. The best way to reduce EMC waiting and staying time is by cooperation between departments, both medical and administrative. Each department must work beyond their job description or duty and help each other to provide the best medical service and satisfy the patient needs. The most important answer to shortened the EMC point from ingress to egress is to see things from a patient point of view and begin from there to find the solution.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.734-742
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• 2016

본 연구는 기능적 발목 불안정성시 하지 근피로도에 따른 동적균형이 족저압에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 설문조사를 통해 기능적 발목 불안정성으로 진단된 14명의 발목불안정집단과 16명의 발목안정집단 총 30명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 하지의 근피로는 Biodex system III, 족저압은 Zebris FDM-S system으로 측정하였고, 한발로 점프 후 착지 검사로 동적균형을 실시하였다. 동적균형시 족저압 분포비율은 발목불안정집단의 전족부(p2, p3, p4)에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 동적균형시 근피로 유발 전후 족저압 분포 비율은 발목 불안정집단에서 발목 안정집단보다 전족부(p2, p3, p4)와 외측 중족부(p6)에서 유의하게 높았으나 종골부(p7)에서는 낮았다(p<0.05). 동적균형시 족저압 중심(CoP)의 전후이동거리(AP)와 좌우이동 폭(ML)은 발목 불안정집단이 발목 안정집단에 비해 근피로 유발 전보다 유발 후 유의하게 길었다(p<0.05). 기능적 발목불안정시 하지 근피로도에 따른 동적균형은 족저압 분포와 족저압 중심이동에 영향을 준 것으로 사료된다. 향후, 기능적 발목 불안정이 있는 다양한 연령대를 대상으로 족저압 차이를 객관화, 척도화 시키는 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.