• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.349-353
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• 1996

Background: Although the paramedian approach for epidural blockade is useful in some clinical situation, the parameters which are correlated with the distance from skin to the epidural space has not been established. Methods: We studied in 143 patients having elective continuous epidural blocks for relief of postoperative pain. All blocks were performed using paramedian approach with Tuohy needle in the lumbar (group 1, n=100) and thoracic (group 2, n=45) area. We measured the distance from skin to the epidural space, body weight, height, and the angle between the shaft of the needle and the skin. Data were analyzed by linear regression. The relationships between parameters identified by the F-test with a P value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean distance from skin to the lumbar epidural space was $4.4{\pm}0.7$ cm. significant correlation between the body weight and the depth of lumbar epidural space ($\gamma$ value : 0.492) was noted with regression equation of depth(cm)=2.293+0.034${\times}$body weight (kg). Also the significant correlation between the ponderal index (PI) and the depth of lumbar epidural space ($\gamma$ value : 0.539) was noted with regression equation of depth(cm)=1.703+0.07${\times}$PI, The mean distance from skin to the thoracic epidural space was $5.2{\pm}0.7cm$ which did not correlated with other anatomic measurements. Conclusion: We found that PI and body weight are the suitable predictors of the depth of the lumbar epidural space, but not the thoracic epidural space.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.32-33
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• 2005

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2002

This study was carried out to measure the 3D-distance of a cow model teat for an application possibility on Robotic Milking System(RMS). A teat recognition algorithm was made to find 3D-distance of the model by using Gonzalrez's theory. Some of the results are as follows. 1 . In the distance measurement experiment on the test board, as the measured length, and the length between the center of image surface and the measured image point became longer, their error values increased. 2. The model teat was installed and measured the error value at the random position. The error value of X and Y coordinates was less than 5㎜, and that of Z coordinates was less than 20㎜. The error value increased as the distance of camera's increased. 3. The equation for distance information acquirement was satisfied with obtaining accurate distance that was necessary for a milking robot to trace teats, A teat recognition algorithm was recognized well four model cow teats. It's processing time was about 1 second. It appeared that a teat recognition algorithm could be used to determine the 3D-distance of the cow teat to develop a RMS.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2023

Purpose - This study aims to identify the importance of subsidiary entrepreneurship as a key factor when MNE attempts to invest in challenging overseas markets. Through the simultaneous consideration of institutional theory and entrepreneurship theory, this study would like to examine how Korean subsidiaries in the Middle East improve their performance locally. Design/methodology - To reflect the characteristics of emerging markets, this study conducted a survey of Korean subsidiaries in the Middle East in cooperation with KOTRA and analyzed the hypotheses using a structural equation model based on 249 valid responses. Findings - The findings of this study are as follows. First, we found that institutional and business distance would positively affect subsidiaries' entrepreneurship. The result that subsidiaries' entrepreneurship is positively affected by institutional and business distance implies that attempts to close the difference between heterogeneous markets would increase subsidiaries' innovative proactiveness, such as R&D and creative marketing strategies. Second, we confirmed that the institutional and business distance positively mediate the subsidiaries' entrepreneurship growth, leading to high performance. Therefore, Korean subsidiaries are required and prepared to establish strategies to better understand institutional and business distances in advance and reduce the liability of foreignness by conducting customized research and training programs before sending Korean expatriates to local subsidiaries in the Middle East. Originality/value - This study contributed to institutional and entrepreneurship theory by proving the traditional relationship between institutional and business distance to subsidiaries' performance and the mediation of subsidiary entrepreneurship.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.111-123
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• 2008

In this paper, we introduce a new system of first-order impulsive fuzzy differential equations. By using Banach fixed point theorem, we obtain some new existence and uniqueness theorems of solutions for this system of first-order impulsive fuzzy differential equations in the metric space of normal fuzzy convex sets with distance given by maximum of the Hausdorff distance between level sets.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 1997

With the increase use of electromagnrtic distance measuring equiment, is is required that we need to study the higher dimensional applications and detail technical methods. The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of ocean construction surveying and computer programming for determining of horizontal position of a quadrilateral by measuring line on traverse surveyng, trigulation and trilateration. Aa long distance measurements with high accuracy became possible by the apperance of EDM distance measuring instruments, we induced correct adjustment equation through angle condition and area conditionequation. After that we compared and experimental model. From its a result of the practical applicationto quadrilateral, it has been found that its triangulation and traverse surveying algorithms provide better accuracy than trilateration.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1921-1930
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• 1993

In order to evaluate the inlet pressure correctly, the full Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically for the computational domain which covers the cavity region between pads as well as the bearing film. A nonuiform grid system is adopted to reduce the number of grid points, and the numerical solutions are obtained for a wide range of Reynolds number in laminar regime with various values of the distance between pads. The numerical results show that the inlet pressure is significantly affected by Reynolds number and the distance between pads. An expression for the loss coefficient in terms of Reynolds number and non-dimensional distance between pads is obtained on the basis of the numerical results. It is found that the inlet pressure over the whole range of numerical solutions can be fairly accurately estimated by applying the formula for the loss coefficient to the extended Bernoulli equation.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.50-52
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• 2002

Distance relays need accurate current and voltage for determining the trip ignition. Therefore we must analyze nonlinear phenomena which cause distortion in signals first of all. This paper presents the effect of some distortion(arcing fault and current transformer saturation) in power system. The saturation of a current transformer distorts input current of a distance relay and arcing faults make current and voltage to be changed. This paper describes modeling methods of a current transformer and arcing faults, and describes the simulation result of two distance relay algorithms (discrete fourier transform and modified differential equation methods)

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.20 no.B
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• pp.95-103
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• 2000

A model trains must have similitude with its original model not only in shape but also in motion. Motion characteristics of a model train under considerations are maximum velocity in straight and circular tracks and stopping distance. Equations of motions are derived to obtain maximum speed and stopping distance based on the Newton's Second Law and the energy principal. To accurately predict traction and resistance force between wheel and rail. wheel slip, or creepage, is taken into consideration. To verify the equations of motion, various experiments have been carried out including measurement of gear efficiency, location of mass center, rolling resistance force, traction force, slip, maximum velocity and stopping distance. This paper addresses how the experiments are setup and carried out in detail. Also the results of experiments are compared with the analytical prediction, which showed good agreements with each other.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.393-399
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• 2013

We propose a method of sensing the rotation and distance of a camera by using a fisheye lens system as a vision sensor. We estimate the rotation angle of a camera with a modified correlation method by clipping similar regions to avoid symmetry problems and suppressing highlight areas. In order to eliminate the rectification process of the distorted points of a fisheye lens image, we introduce an offline process using the normalized focal length, which does not require the image sensor size. We also formulate an equation for calculating the distance of a camera movement by matching the feature points of the test image with those of the reference image.