• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.491-495
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• 1994

The ectopic eruption is defined rise to be abnormal eruption, which gives to displacement of the teeth and abnormal root resorption of adjacent teeth. The ectopic eruption of first permanent molar is approximately 2-4% of the population, most of them are in the maxilla, rarely in the mandible. In the case of the second permanent molars, most of them are found in the mandible for the reason of the arch length discrepancies and large size of the teeth. The ectopic erupted molars should be treated early in order to coordinate normal growth pattern and to obtain good occlusal support. So, this should be early diagnosed and treated. But, ectopically erupting molars are often self-corrected, hence periodic follow-up is required. The methods of the treatment are largely classified into surgical, surgical-orthodontic, and orthodontic method. Especially in orthodontic method, they are divided as follows; appliances that is positioned at the contact point for unlocking and the distal movement, fixed and removable appliance that is connected to more than one tooth, and occlusion guiding method after disking or extraction of the second deciduous molar. The report presents the good results in treating patients, whose chief complaint was ectopic eruption of mandibular permanent molars.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and several radiographic features of dilacerated teeth in 2132 full month radiograms in Korean. The results were as follows: 1. The occurrence was revealed to 2.7% in total examined teeth, and these anomalies were occurred in maxilla (52.4%) more than in mandible (47.6%). 2. There was a predilection for occurrence of dilaceration in female, which included 12.8% of the female compared to 11.3% in male. 3. The frequency of dilaceration in male, which included 40.5% in maxilla and 59.5% in mandible. The frequency of dilaceration in female, which included 52.4% in maxilla and 47.6% in mandible. 4. The order of frequency of dilaceration was second premolar, first premolar, lateral incisor, canine in maxilla, and first premolar, second premolar, canine, lateral incisor, central incisor in mandible. 5. In classifying of dilacerated teeth into 3 types by following appearances such as root curvature. Distal dilaceration was by far most common containing 65.8% of the cases. The least frequent was mesial dilaceration, which included 6.5% of the cases.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Ga-67 scintigram in predicting the disappearance of inflammatory activity in mandibular lesions of dogs. Inflammatory bony lesions were produced artificially by the injection of sclerosing solution and bacterial suspension through the distal root canals of the lower 4th premolars in 10 dogs. The serial Ga-67 scintigrams and periapical radiograms were obtained. After 3 to 6 weeks duration of antibiotic therapy, the experimental animals were killed, and the mandibles were dissected. Bacteriologic culture and antibiotic sensitivity test were done. 1. The following results were obtained. The negative Ga-67 scan has 100% predictive value, and is a strong evidence of the resolution of inflammatory activity. In 2 animals of positive Ga-67 scan, I animal had negative culture. In 14 cases of positive Ga-67 scan, radiographically there was increase in the size of lesion in 9 cases, no change in 5 cases. In 8 cases of negative Ga-67 scan, radiographically there was increase in the size of lesion in I case, no change in 6 cases and decrease in 1 case.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.431-437
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• 2008

Sengmaek-san(Shengmai-san; SMS) is used in oriental medicine as one of the key herbal medicine for treating diverse symptoms including cardiovascular and neurological disorders. In the present study, the effects of SMS on axonal regeneration were investigated in the rat model given sciatic nerve injury. SMS treatment enhanced axonal regrowth into and the number of non-neuronal cells in the distal area after crush injury. GAP-43 protein levels were increased in the injured sciatic nerve compared to intact nerve and further upreguated by SMS treatment. GAP-43 protein was increased similarly in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) at lumbar 4 - 6 by nerve injury and SMS treatment, suggesting GAP-43 induction at gene expression level. SMS-mediated increase in phospho-Erk1/2 protein was observed in the DRG as well as in the injured nerve implying its retrograde transport into the cell body as the process of lesion signal transmission. The present findings suggest that SMS may be involved in enhanced axonal regeneration via dynamic regulation of regeneration-associated proteins.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2017

Noninvasive, cuffless, and continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential to prevent and control hypertension. A well-known existing method for this measurement is pulse transit time (PTT), which has been investigated by many researchers as a promising approach. However, the fundamental principle of the PTT method is based on the time interval taken by a pulse wave to propagate between the proximal and distal arterial sites. Consequently, this method needs an independent system with two devices placed at two different sites, which is a problem. Even though some studies attempted to synchronize the system, it is bulky and inconvenient by contemporary standards. To find a more sensitive method to be used in a BP measurement device, this study used radial electrical bioimpedance (REB) as a potential indicator for BP determination. Only one impedance plethysmography channel at the wrist is performed for demonstrating a ubiquitous BP wearable device. The experiment was evaluated on eight healthy subjects with the ambulatory BP monitor on the upper arm as a reference. The results demonstrated the potential of the proposed method by the correlation of estimated systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP against the reference at $0.84{\pm}0.05$ and $0.83{\pm}0.05$, respectively. REB also tracked the DBP well with a root-mean-squared-error of $7.5{\pm}1.35mmHg$.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 1996

The efficiency of maxillary canine retraction by means of sliding mechanics along an 0.016 continuous labial arch and an 0.009 inch in diameter with a lumen of 0.030 inch NiTi closed coil spring was compared with that using the same NiTi closed coil spring and Molar Anchoring Spring(MAS) which was designed by author. MAS was made of .017" X .025" TMA wire and was given 60 degree tip-back bend on the wire close to the molar tube. This study was designed to investigate molar and canine root control during retraction into an extraction site with continuous arch wire system. Two techniques were tested with a continuous arch model embedded in a photoelastic resin. A photoelastic model was employed to visualize the effects of forces applied to canine and molar by two retraction mechanics. With the aid of polarized light, stresses were viewed as colored fringes. The photoelastic overview of the upper right quadrant showed that stress concentrations were observed in its photoelastic model. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Higher concentration of compression can be seen clearly at the distal curvature of the canine and mesial curvature of the molar and premolar when NiTi closed coil spring was applied only, which means severe anchorage loss of the molar and uncontrolled tipping of the canine. 2. The least level compression was presented at the mesial root area of the molar and premolar, and mesial root area of the canine when NiTi closed coil spring and MAS were used simultaneously. Especially mesial alveolar crest region of the canine was shown moderate level of compression that means MAS can be used as a appliance for anchorage control and prevention of canine extrusion and uncontrolled tipping during canine retraction.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2008

Background: Peripheral nerve injury induces up-regulation of the calcium channel alpha2delta (${\alpha}2{\delta}$) subunit and TRPM8 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) which might contribute to allodynia development. We investigated the expression of the ${\alpha}2{\delta}$ subunit and TRPM8 in the DRG of sympathetically maintained pain (SMP) and sympathetic independent pain (SIP) rat model. Methods: For the SMP model, the L5 and L6 spinal nerves were ligated tightly distal to the DRG. For the SIP model, the tibial and sural nerves were transected, while the common peroneal nerve was spared. After a 7 day postoperative period, tactile and cold allodynia were assessed using von Frey filaments and acetone drops, respectively. Expression of the ${\alpha}2{\delta}$ subunit and TRPM8 in the L5 and L6 DRG were subsequently examined by a Western blot. Results: There were no significant differences between the two models for the thresholds of tactile and cold allodynia. Expression of the ${\alpha}2{\delta}$ subunit in the ipsilateral DRG to the injury was increased as determined on a Western blot as compared to that in the contralateral or sham-operated DRG of the SMP model, but there was no difference in expression seen with the use of the SIP model. There was no difference in the expression of TRPM8 in the ipsilateral DRG to the injury and the contralateral or sham-operated DRG of either model. Conclusions: Up-regulation of the ${\alpha}2{\delta}$ subunit in injured DRG may play a role that contributes to tactile allodynia development in SMP, but not TRPM8 to cold allodynia after peripheral nerve injury.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1228-1232
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• 2000

Objective : This study was undertaken to analysis gamma knife radiosurgery(GKR) effect for trigeminal neuralgia after long term follow-up. Methods : There were 11 trigeminal neuralgia patients. The authors irradiated 67-85 Gy maximally to the nerve root entry zone(NREZ) using single 4mm collimator, just 1-6mm lateral side from the junction of the trigeminal nerve and pons. For the first 3 cases, we targeted the junction between the nerve and the pons. In theses cases, the pons was irradiated 56 or 60 gray in the surface. In the later 8 cases, the isocenter is positioned more distal side so that the brain stem surface would receive less than the 20% isodose. Results : The average follow-up duration was 25 months(13-50 months). Pain relief was noticed within a week to 5 months. In 3 patients, pain was relieved completely and in other 3 patients, mark improvement was achieved(80-90%). Remaining 4 patients showed significant improvement(30-50%). There was recurrence in only one case and she complained with similar intensity of pain at the last follow-up. There was no significant complication related to GKR. Conclusion : GKR is considered effective for trigeminal neuralgia based on the long term follow-up evaluation, but more clinical experience is needed to evaluate the efficacy of GKR for trigeminal neuralgia as a primary treatment modality.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of various type of Magma seawater (MSW) concentrations on plant growth and useful mineral contents in Bletilla striata. In the RO (Reverse Osmosis) and ED (Electronic Distal) treatment, hardness of medium was poored in 3.0 g/L gelrite but increased in 8.0 g/L plant agar, 38,000 and $2,000g/cm^2$ respectably. We analyzed the morphological and physiological characteristics differences of B. striata treated various MSW. Survival frequency of plant and growth (shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, root diameter, shoot/root ratio) were significantly increased in RO and ED treatment at 50% and 10%, especially. Chlorophyll contents in ED treatments were higher than those in control and RO treatment. The content of strontium (Sr) in 20, 50, 75, 100% ED treatment, were higher than those in the control and RO, ED 1, 5, 10% treatment. These results showed that treatment of ED with the range of 20~100% could be used to supply the strontium enriched orchid plant. It is considered that MSW may be applied for use in Magma seawater to promotion of growth and produced functional plant.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.38-48
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper consistency of root canal sealer needed in obtaining an efficient canal obturation in injection-thermoplasticized low-temperature ($70^{\circ}C$) gutta-percha method. The sealer was made by incorporating zinc oxide powder into $0.5m{\ell}$ of eugenol and then the $0.5m{\ell}$ of mixture slurry was placed between two flat glass plates. The consistency was determined by measuring the degree of spread of the slurry at loading the 120gm of weight from the top plate. The sealer was prepared according to P/L ratio corresponding to the acquired consistency of 65.45mm, 46.80mm, 28.95mm and 22.60mm. The distal roots were obtained by cutting off from 125 extracted human lower molars and the root canals were prepared by using step-back method. The prepared canals were coated with the sealers on their walls and obturated by using the injection-thermoplasticized low-temperature ($70^{\circ}C$) gutta-percha method. All specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 48 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. Calipers was used to measured the dye penetration into the root canals from apical constrictions. The results were as follows : The canals obturated without sealer showed significantly more leakage than the canals obturated with sealer. Within the consistency from 65.45mm to 22.60mm, the sealer of 65.45mm appeared significantly better than that of 28.95mm and 22.60mm in the canals obturated by injection-thermoplasticized gutta-percha method, and better than that of 46.80mm without statistical significance.