• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.432-436
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 해수를 활용하여 수동적으로 냉각되는 폴리머 히트싱크의 열성능을 전산적으로 탐구한다. 폴리머 히트싱크는 폐열회수를 위한 열전생성기의 저온면의 냉각모듈로 제안되었고, 상세한 수치연구를 위해 3차원 전산유체역학 모델링이 수행되었다. 폴리머 히트싱크의 기본 소재로 polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)와 pyrolytic graphite (PG)가 선택되었고, 전산연구는 다양한 휜 수와 휜 두께에서 PPS와 PG 히트싱크의 성능을 결정하고, 이 결과는 알루미늄 (Al)과 티타늄 (Ti) 히트싱크와 비교된다. 연구결과는 PG 히트싱크가 Ti 히트싱크 보다 3~4배 열성능이 우수함을 보이는데, 이 결과는 Ti 히트싱크보다 더 우수한 PG 히트싱크의 열확산에 기인한 것으로 보인다. 연구결과에 의하면 PG 히트싱크의 열성능에 대한 휜 수 증가의 효과가 PPS와 Ti 히트싱크 경우와는 상반됨을 보이는데, 이는 휜 수 증가에 대한 열확산, 표면적 증대, 유동저항의 상관관계로 설명이 가능하다.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.43-48
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• 1972

Inertia friction welding, a relatively recent innovation in the art of joining materials, is a forge-welding process that releases kinetic energy stored in the flywheel as frictional heat when two parts are rubbed together under the right conditions. In a comparatively short time, the process has become a reliable method for joining ferrous, and dissimilar metals. The process is based on thrusting one part, attached to a flywheel and rotating at a relatively high speed, against a stationary part. The contacting surfaces, heated to plastic temperatures, are forged together to produce a reliable, high-strength weld. Welds are made with little or no workpiece preparation and without filler metal or fluxes. However, In order to obtain a good weld, the determination of the optimum weld parameters is an important problem. Especially, because the amount of the flywheel mass will be determined according to the initial rotating velocity values at the constant thrust load, the initial rotating velocity is an important factor to affect a weld character of the inertia-welded IN713C-SAE8630, which is used for the wheel-shafts of turbine rotors or turbochargers, exhausting valves, etc. In this paper, the effects of initial rotational velocity on a weld character of inertia-welded IN713C-SAE8630 was studied through considerations of weld parameters determination, micro-structural observations and tensile tests. The results are as the following: 1) As initial rotating velocity was reduced to 267 FPM, cracks and carbide stringers were completely eliminated in the micro-structure of welded zone. 2) As initial rotating velocity was reduced and flywheel mass was increased correspondingly, the maximum welding temperatures were decreased and the plastic working in the weld zone was increased. 3) As initial rotating velocity was progressively decreased and carbides were decreased, the tensile strengths were increased. 4) And also the fracture location moved out of the weld zone and the tensile tests produced, the failures only in the cast superalloy IN713C which do not extend into the weld area. 5) The proper initial rotating velocity could be determined as about 250 thru 350 FPM for the better weld character.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1983

Many pressure vessels for the hot H$\sub$2//H$\sub$2/S service are made of 2+1/4Cr-1Mo steel with austenitic stainless steel overlay to combat agressive corrosion due to hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen dissolves in to materials during operation, and sometimes gives rise to unfore-seeable damages. Appropriate precautions must, therefore, be taken to avoid the hydrogen induced damages in the design, fabrication and operation stage of such reactor vessels. Recently, hydrogeninduced cracking (or Disbonding) was found at the interface between base metal and stainless weld overlay of a desulfurizing reactor. Since the stainless steel overlay weld metal is subjected to thermal and internal-pressure loads in reactor operation, it is desirable for the overlay weld metal to have high strength and ductility from the stand point of structural safety. In section III of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Post-Weld Heat Treatment(PWHT) of more than one hour per inch at over 1100.deg. F(593.deg. C) is required for the weld joints of low alloy pressure vessel steels. This heat treatment to relieve stresses in the welded joint during construction of the pressure vessel is considered to cause sensitization of the overlay weld metal. The present study was carried out to make clear the diffusion of carbon migration by PWHT in dissimilar metal welded joint. The main conclusion reached from this study are as follows: 1) The theoretical analysis for diffusion of carbon in stainless steel overlay weld metal does not agree with Fick's 2nd law but the general law of molecular diffusion phenomenon by thermodynamic chemical potential. 2) In the stainless steel overlay welded joint, the PWHT at 720.deg. C for 10 hours causes a diffusion of carbon atoms from ferritic steel into austenitic steel according to the theoretical analysis for carbon migration and its experiment. 3) In case of PWHT at 720.deg. C for 10 hours, the micro-hardness of stainless steel weld metal in bonded zone increase very highly in the carburized layer with remarkable hardening than that of weld metal.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.798-803
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• 2018

Si을 리튬이온전지 음극활물질로 사용하기 위해 입도를 $0.5{\mu}m$ 보다 작은 크기로 제어하였고 표면에 탄소를 약 10 nm 두께로 코팅하였다. 그 위에 탄소섬유를 50~150 wt% 양으로 성장시키고 다시 한 번 탄소코팅을 진행하였다. 이렇게 만들어진 Si 합성물질은 전기전도성을 높이기 위한 공정으로 이종 금속을 혼합하였으며 수명 특성을 개선하기 위해 흑연과 복합화하였다. 실험 변수에 따른 재료들의 물리화학적 특성을 XRD, SEM 및 TEM을 사용하여 측정하였고 코인셀을 제조하여 전기화학적 특성을 평가하였다. Si/PC (Pyrolytic Carbon)/CNF (Carbon Nano Fiber)보다 Si/PC/CNF/PC가 전체적으로 Si 함량이 줄어 방전용량은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났지만 전지평가에서 중요한 수명특성에서는 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 0.2 C rate에서 $1512mA\;h\;g^{-1}$의 초기 방전 용량과 78%의 초기 효율을 나타내었고 10 싸이클에서 94%의 용량 보존율을 보여주었다.

• Composites Research
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.392-397
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 기존의 스틸재 타이로드를 브레이딩 공법을 적용한 탄소복합재로 개발하고자 하였다. 탄소복합재 타이로드는 기존 제품과 동등한 성능을 만족시키기 위하여 브레이딩 직조에 필요한 코어 단면설계, 코어와 탄소섬유의 접합부에 대한 구조형상설계를 진행하였다. 그리고 브레이딩 공법을 적용한 시편을 제작하여 시험평가를 통해 구조해석에 적용하였다. 제작 공정은 브레이딩 직조 후 인퓨전 공정을 거쳐 후경화 공정까지 진행하였으며 최종 제품에 대한 시험평가는 인장 시험, 비틀림 시험, 압축 시험과 피로시험을 순차적으로 진행하여 모두 만족시켰다. 또한 탄소복합재 타이로드의 중량을 기존 제품 대비 약 37% 정도 경량화시킬 수 있었다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2021

As opposed to using fossil fuels, we need to use eco-friendly resources such as sunlight, raindrops and wind to produce electricity and combat environmental pollution. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a device that converts mechanical energy into electricity by inducing repetitive contact and separation of two dissimilar materials. During the contact and separation processes, electron flow occurs owing to a change in electric potential of the contacting surface caused by contact electrification and electrostatic induction mechanisms. A solid-solid contact TENG is widely known, but it is possible to generate electricity via liquid-solid contact. Therefore, by designing a hydrophobic TENG, we can gather electricity from raindrop energy in a feasible manner. To fabricate the superhydrophobic surface of TENGs, we employ a dip coating technique to synthesize an octadecylamine (ODA)- and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based coating on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The synthesized coating exhibits superhydrophobicity with a contact angle greater than 150° and generates a current of 2.2 ㎂/L while water droplets fall onto it continuously. Hence, we prepare a box-type TENG, with the ODA/PDMS coating deposited on the inside, and place a 1.5 mL water droplet into it. Resultantly, we confirm that the induced vibration causes continuous impacts between the ODA/PDMS coating and the water, generating approximately 100 pA for each impact.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.93-103
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• 1981

Si-Cr계 내열강 SUH3와 Cr-Ni계 stainless강 SUS 303 및 이들이 마찰용접재 SUH3-SUS303을 $1,060^{\circ}C$에서 용체화처리하고 다시 $700^{\circ}C$에서 10, 100시간 시효열처리한 각 시험편의 고온 피로강도에 대한 시효열처리의 효과를 알기 위하여 $700^{\circ}C$에서 고온 회전굽힘 피로시험을 하고 파약거동을 미시적으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) SUH3재와 SUS303재의 최적마찰용접조건은 회전수 2420rpm, 마찰가압력 $8kg/mm^2$, 전 upset량 7mm(마찰가압시간 3sec, upset시간 2sec)이었다. 2) $700^{\circ}C$ 고온에서 장시간 이루어지는 고온피로시험에 있어, 용체화처리재의 S-N 곡선 경사부의 기울기가 가장 급하게 나타났다. 3) SUH3-SUS303 마찰용접재는 $1,060^{\circ}C$에서 1시간용체화 처리하고, $700^{\circ}C$에서 시효처리하는 경우 최적시효시간은 10시간이었다. 4) 10시간 시료재의 고온피로한도는 모재보다 SUH3은 75.4%, SUS303은 28.5% 높았으며, 용접재 SUH3-SUS303은 44.2% 정도 높았다. 100시간 시효재는 모재보다 SUH3은 64.91% SUS303은 30.4% 높았으며, SUH3-SUS303은 30.4% 높았으며, SUH3-SUS303은 36.6% 높았다. 5) 마찰용접재의 상온 및 고온의 피로파단은 모두 SUS303의 모재측에 발생하였으며, 용접면에서의 파단은 전혀 없었다. 6) SUS303재와 마찰용접재 SUH3-SUS303재의 크랙은 입내파양형이었으나 SUH3은 입계크랙의 전파로 파양한다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 1978

기관밸브용접 SCr4-21-4N 및 SUH3-21-4N을 연구선정된 최적마찰압접조건 하에서 마찰압접을 하고 이때 생기는 압접부의 잔류응력 및 경도의 peak 등 압접결함의 제거 및 압접성능개선을 위한 열처리에 관하여 실험연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. (1) 배기 valve용강 SCr4-21-4N 및 SUH3-21-4N의 마찰압접을 위한 최적조건으로서 회전수 3,000rpm, 마찰가열압 p 하(1)=8 kg/mm 상(2), upset 압 p 하(2)=20 kg/mm 상(2), 압접가열시간 t 하(1)=3초, upset 시간 2.5초를 선정한 것이 매우 타당함이 실험적으로 입증되었다. (2) 이종재질 SUH3-SUH31, SCr4-SUH31, SCr4-SUH3, SUH3-CRK22, SCr4-21-4N 및 SUH3-21-4N의 마찰압접에 관한 저자의 종래 연구와 본연구 결과는 압접부의 압접 특성이 서로 매우 일치하였다. (3) SCr4-21-4N 및 SUH3-21-4N의 마찰압접부의 잔류응력 및 전도의 peak를 제거하기 위한 최적열처리조건은 $600^{\circ}C$$\times$30min.$\times$room air cooling의 normalizing임이 확인되었다. (4) 이때 열처리 후에는, 열처리전의 인장강도의 약 20%가 감소했으나, 파단 위치는 열영향부로부터 모재 SCr4 및 SUH3 측으로 이동하였다. (5) 상기 최적조건 하에서 마찰압접되고 열처리된 압접부의 현미경 조직검사 결과, 압접부가 매우 좁고 압접결함이 없으며, 치밀하고 조밀한 조직의 우수한 압접이었음이 확인되었다. (6) 상기 최적조건은, 기관 valve 생산을 위한 타이종재질의 마찰압접조건으로도 응용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.275-292
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to recognize the aesthetic characteristics of the Maximalism depicted in contemporary costumes of new millennium. This is done by analyzing and examining the social and cultural background of fashion in the few years of 21st century. The fashion trend of the beginning of 21st century was coexisted conflicting factors with ultramodern factor and past recurrent factor. For that reason, new millennium is to be existence background of Maximalism style in contemporary costumes. The social and cultural background of Maximalism was regarded as characteristics of the Glocalism, fusion style, bobos. Glocalism means a compound word of Globalism and Localism, and used various fields of policy, economics, society etc. Consequently, the aesthetic formativeness of Maximalism of the contemporary costumes was investigated as the 'Romantic Hippie Look' and 'Romantic Sports Look' 1) Romantic Hippie Look New millennium fashion trend is affected by hippie style of 1970's. That is major reason that the antiwar consciousness of 9.11 terror, USA-Afganistan war and the economic depression is similar to 1970's situation. Accordingly, fashion trend is developed into bright, light, romantic style and fashion designers chose materials with flowers, butterflies, dragonflies pattern. Because the clothing of these material reflects well modern people's feeling to escape misgivings, unrest of political terror, war etc. The characteristics of hippie style expressed freedom as the greatest merit was raised new trend, so called 'Romantic Hippie Look' on new millennium. That is, the romantic hippie look of the contemporary costumes is depicted as the formative beauty of the multiculturalism and nationalism. 2) Romantic Sports Look : The beginning of new millennium, many fashion designers intend to graft the details of sports wear on order made or ready made clothing and try to show luxury and cheerful fashion design with combination of sporty and romantic factors. Accordingly, theses fashion trends expressed 'Romantic Sports Look' with a harmony or disharmony of unusual factors. The fashion trend of new millennium centering around special cities like New York, Paris, Milan moved to various regional culture. Accordingly, the features of fashion depicted not unique theme but multiplicity of the clothing of dissimilar style or material by the mixture of 2 or 3 factors like the fusion of femininity and masculinity and the combination of past and present of details. That is, the romantic sports look of the contemporary costumes is depicted as the formative beauty of the multi-functional and crossover.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.112-121
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• 1988

A study on friction welding of carbon steel bar (SM45C) to chrome molybedenum steel bar(SCM4) is examined experimentally through tensile test, hardness test, microstructure test and fatigue test. so, this paper deals with optimizing the welding concitions and analyzing various mechanical properties about friction welds of SM45C to SCM4 steel bars. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1) For friction welded joints of SM45C to SCM4 steel bars, the total upset(U)increases linearly with an increase of heating time ($t_{1}$) till 6s. 2) The determined optimum welding conditions are heating time ($t_{1}$)2s, upsetting time($t_{2}$), 3s, heating pressure($p_{1}$), 4kgf/$mm^{2}$(39.2MPa), upsetting pressure($p_{2}$, 8kgf/mm$^{2}$(78.4MPa) and rotating speed(N), 2, 000rpm when the total upset(U) is 3.4mm, resulting in a computed relationship between the joint tensile strength .sigma.$_{t}$ (kgf/mm$^{2}$and the total upset U(mm); .sigma.$_{t}$ =$0.21U^{3}$ - $3.38U^{2}$ +17.03U + 66.00 3) As the elongation is increased more and more, the fracture position becomes away from weld interface and the fractures are similar to those of SM45C. Fracture is taken place on SM45C side. 4) The weld interface of two dissimilar materials is mixed strongly, and the heat affected zone is about 2.0mm at SM45C while about 2.7 mm at SCM4 side. Therefore, the welded zone and heat affected zone are very narrow, comparing with those of the joints welded by the other welding methods. 5) The fatigue strengths at N=10$^{6}$ cycles of SM45C, SCM4 and friction welded joints are 23kgf/$mm^{2}$, 33kgf/$mm^{2}$(220.5 MPa), and 22.5kgf/$mm^{2}$(220.5MPa) respectively, and fracture at friction welded joint takes place at the side of SM45C. 6) The hardness of the friction weld interface is 3 times higher than that of base metal. 7) Fatigue strength of friction welded joint is higher than that of base metal. 8) Notch sensitivity factor of friction welded joint is lower than that of base metal.