• Journal of Information Display
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.188-194
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• 2009

Conventional stereoscopic (3D) displays using binocular parallax generate unnatural conflicts between convergence and accommodation. These conflicts can affect the observer's ability to fuse binocular images and may cause visual fatigue. In this study, time series changes in visual fatigue and depth sensation when viewing stereoscopic images with changing parallax were examined. In particular, the physiological changes, including the subjective symptoms of visual fatigue, when viewing five parallax conditions, were examined. Then a comparative analysis of the 2D and 3D conditions was performed based on the visual function. To obtain data regarding the visual function, the time series changes in the spontaneous-blinking rate before and during the viewing of 3D images were measured. The time series change results suggest that 2D and 3D images cause significantly different types of visual fatigue over the range of binocular disparity.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.505-508
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• 2009

The super multi-view (SMV) display and the high-density directional (HDD) display were proposed as a natural 3D display that is free from the visual fatigue caused by the accommodation-vergence conflict and provides smooth motion parallax. The multi-projection system, the flat-panel system, and the time-multiplexing system are used to construct the HDD displays. The recent progress of the HDD 3D display is reviewed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 1998.06b
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• pp.51-54
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• 1998

This paper describes the development of the 3DDAC mk.4 system, which is a brand new implementation on the research program. The 3DDAC is a fatigue-less stereoscopic display system that is provided with a compensating function of accommodation for binocular disparity 3D image representation. The mk.4 system also features a light-weight HMD style.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.293-303
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• 2017

Objective: This study aims to evaluate visual discomfort and visual fatigue caused by watching HMD and smartphones by conducting both subjective and objective measure. Background: With the rapid development of mobile Head-Mounted Display (HMD), the problem of visual discomfort and visual fatigue caused by watching Virtual Reality (VR) contents became a crucial concern for consumers and manufacturers, especially given that the casing of mobile HMD keeps the phone at a specified distance from the lenses that is close to the eyes. Method: Two smartphones were chosen for a preliminary study: LG G5 and Galaxy S7. As for a main study, iPhone 6S and Galaxy S7 were used. After being exposed to the selected clips, participants were asked to answer Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and went through optometric tests that measure tear break-up time, spherical equivalent, and contrast sensitivity. Results: The subjective assessments indicate that HMD causes more visual discomfort compared to watching a smartphone. Furthermore, the experimental result confirms that watching a HMD causes more eye dryness compared to smartphones. Conclusion: The result of the study compared visual discomfort and visual fatigue of two different displays, HMD and smartphone, and confirmed that watching HMD causes more visual discomfort and visual fatigue. Application: Ultimately, this study could help manufacturers understand the strengths and weaknesses of different display forms, providing guidance for an effective application of HMD.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.572-583
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated visual fatigue in i3D system and basic factors that contribute to visual fatigue in the system. i3D is a type of glasses-free display which supports elementary manual interaction of users with the display. In Experiment 1, we performed open-ended survey of visual fatigue and collected responses from observers which then were used as survey questions for visual fatigue. The questions were validated by factor analysis from which we derived fatigue measurement scale. In Experiment 2, we measured visual fatigue in various conditions using survey questions obtained from Experiment 1. Using manual interaction (present/absent), viewing distance(1/2/4m), and viewing orientation($0/28/56^{\circ}$) as three factors in within-subject design, we measured visual fatigue in each condition. The results indicated that visual fatigue deceases with farther viewing distance, but viewing orientation and manual interaction does not influence visual fatigue. Although fatigue unexpectedly decreased in an extreme viewing condition (e.g., distance 1m, orientation $56^{\circ}$), the results were obtained because of technical limitation of glasses-free 3D display. General discussion provides discussion on limits of the current study and suggestions for future research.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.329-335
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• 2016

This paper's objective is to investigate the display fatigue quantitatively according to watching 2D and 3D videos on the display. Though it has been known commonly that display fatigue by 3D is greater than one by 2D, there have been few researches with an aim to measure display fatigue scientifically. Flicker fusion frequency and cybersickness degree were measured before/after sixteen subjects(Male 8, Female 8) watch the 2D, 3D images. Two dependent variables affected by 2D and 3D videos were analyzed and compared statistically based on scientific evidences and researches. 3D showed a value 4 times as much as 2D in cybersickness increase rate, and the reduction rate of 3D was 2 times as much as that of 2D.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.3-18
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• 2014

In this study, drivers' longitudinal car control, subjective fatigue, and perceived fidelity were compared between 2D and 3D display driving simulation. The results can be summarized as followings. First, in all target speed conditions, the drivers tended to drove faster in 2D display condition than 3D display condition. Second, speed deviation from target speed increased as target speed decreased. Third, distances between the lead vehicle and the driver's vehicle were significantly reduced in the 3D display condition when the speeds of the lead vehicle were relatively fast(i. e., over 80km/h). Fourth, although the perceived fidelity was not significantly different between the two display conditions, subjective fatigue was higher in the 3D display condition than in the 2D display condition.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.1099-1102
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• 2009

Conventional stereoscopic (3D) displays using binocular parallax generate unnatural conflicts between convergence and accommodation. Those conflicts can affect the ability to fuse binocular images and may cause visual fatigue. This study examined time-series changes in visual fatigue and depth sensation while viewing stereoscopic images with changing parallax. We examined the physiological changes, including the subjective symptoms of visual fatigue, when viewing five parallax conditions. The time-series results suggest that 2D and 3D images produce significantly different types of visual fatigue over the range of binocular disparity.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 2014

The 3D technology has been spread slowly and the reason would be attributed to the fact that most commercialized 3D displays require 3D glasses. There have been various researches on human factors of glass type 3D display. In this study we measured and modeled crosstalk as well as 3D visual fatigue induced by mobile glassless 3D display. Crosstalk as well as visual fatigue varied depending on horizontal position of the 3D mobile display. Measured crosstalk was relative low around the center of the display and it increased at the side of the display. Similar results were found in the measurement of 3D visual fatigue and discomfort. These results imply that human factors should be considered in the process of design and evaluation of mobile 3D displays.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1675-1676
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• 2005