• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.691-696
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• 2004

The electronic state and chemical bonding of $\beta$-MnO$_2$ with transition metal dopants were theoretically investigated by DV-X$_{\alpha}$ (the discrete variational X$_{\alpha}$) method, which is a sort of the first principles molecular orbital method using the Hartree-Fock-Slater approximation. The calculations were performed with a $_Mn_{14}$ MO$_{56}$ )$^{-52}$ (M = transition metals) cluster model. The electron energy level, the density of states (DOS), the overlap population, the charge density distribution, and the net charges, were calculated. The energy level diagram of MnO$_2$ shows the different band structure and electron occupancy between the up spin states and down spin states. The dopant levels decrease between the conduction band and the valence band with the increase of the atomic number of dopants. The covalency of chemical bonding was shown to increase and ionicity decreased in increasing the atomic number of dopants. Calculated results were discussed on the basis of the interaction between transition metal 3d and oxygen 2p orbital. In conclusion it is expected that when the transition metals are added to MnO$_2$ the band gap decreases and the electronic conductivity increases with the increase of the atomic number of dopants. the atomic number of dopants.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.3 s.99
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• pp.409-418
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• 2005

This paper presents an efficient multicast method based on a locality in mobile IPv6 networks. We exploit the repetitive movement pattern of mobile node to reduce the total number of experience of graft and join procedure. We defined the locality scope by a movement pattern. While the network is included in the locality scope, the network should maintain a multicast tree even when the mobile node moves to the other network. In this way, the mobile host can receive a multicast service without a delay when it moves to the network in the locality scope later. We compare our scheme with existing schemes under the total signaling cost and the service delay time by using a discrete analytical model for cost analysis. Analytical results demonstrated that the total signaling cost and service delay time was significantly reduced through our proposed scheme.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.512-522
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• 1996

To provide broadband ISDN service for the users in scattered locations, the application of satellite communications network is seriously considered. To trans mit ATM cells efficiently in satellite communications, it is effective to use TDM A method. However, it is necessary to have a method to compensate the cell delayvari-ation caused by the difference between TDMA and ATM. This paper optimized the cell control time(Tc) when traffic inputs have poisson or markov modulated poisson process by applying cell delay variation characteristics of time stamp method, which has the most advantages among compensation methods or cell delay variation. This paper also intorduces a method of reducing the cell clumping phenomena by adapting discrete time stamp method, including the analysis and evalutation of the range of required quality of CDV distribution by ATM transmission.The result of the experiment shows that CDV distribution-range can be controlled to 1.2$\times$Tc which reduces overall cell delay variation by discrrete time stamp method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.148-151
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• 2003

The spin density of ${\beta}-MnO_2$ structure was theoretically investigated by $DV-X_{\alpha}$ (the discrete variation $X{\alpha}$) method, which is a sort of the first principle molecular orbital method using Hatre-Fock-Slater approximation. The used cluster model was $[Mn_{14}O_{56}]^{-52}$. The ${\beta}-MnO_2$ is a paramagnetic oxide semiconductor material having the energy band gap of 0.18 eV and an 3 loan-pair electrons in the 3d orbital of an cation. This material exhibits spin-only magnetism and has the magnetic ordering temperature of 94 K. Below this temperature its magnetism appears as antiferromagnetism. The calculations of electronic state showed that if the initial spin condition of input parameters changed, the magnetic state changed from paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic. When d orbital of all Mn atoms in cluster had same initial spin state as only up spin, paramagnetic spin density distribution appeared by the calculation. On the other way, d orbital had alternately changed spin state along special direction the resulted spin distribution showed antiferromagnetism.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.7-16
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• 2004

In mode choice decision, travelers consider not only travel time but also reliability of its modes. In this paper, reliability was expressed in terms of standard deviation and maximum delay that were measured based on triangular distribution. In order to estimate value of time and value of reliability, the Multinomial and Nested Logit models were used. The analysis results revealed that reliability is an important factor affecting mode choice decisions. Elasticity is used to estimate the impacts of the different policies and system improvements for water transportation mode. Among these policies, decision maker can assess and select the best alternative by doing the benefit and cost analysis based on a new market share, the value of time, and the value of reliability. Finally, a set of promising policies and system improvement of the water transportation were proposed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2010

Switching an elementary excitation by injecting a single carrier would offer the exciting opportunity for the ultra-high data storage technologies. However, there has been no methodology available to investigate the interaction of low energy discrete carriers with nano-structures. In order to map out the spatial dependency of such single carrier level interactions, we developed a pulse-and-probe algorithm, combining with low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The new tool, which we call single carrier spectroscopy, allows us to track the interaction with the target macrostructure with tunneling carriers on a single carrier basis. Using this tool, we demonstrate that it is possible not only to locally write and erase individual bi-solitons, reliably and reversibly, but also to track of creation yields of single and multiple bi-solitons. Bi-solitons are pairs of solitons that are elementary out-of-phase excitations on anti-ferromagnetically ordered pseudo-spin system of Si dimers on Si(001)-c(42) surfaces. We found that at low energy tunneling the single bisoliton creation mechanism is not correlated with the number of carriers tunneling, but with the production of a potential hole under the tip. An electric field at the surface determines the density of the local charge density under the tip, and band-bending. However a rapid, dynamic change of a field produces a potential hole that can be filled by energetic carriers, and the amount of energy released during filling process is responsible for the creation of bi-solitons. Our model based on the field-induced local hole gives excellent explanation for bi-soliton yield behaviors. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy data supports the existence of such a potential hole. The mechanism also explains the site-dependency of bi-soliton yields, which is highest at the trough, not on the dimer rows. Our study demonstrates that we can manipulate not just single atoms and molecules, but also single pseudo-spin excitations as well.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2002

EMRCA(Explicit Max_min Rate Control Algorithm) switch, which has been proposed in the ATM(Asychronous Transfer Mode) standard, controls the ABR(Available Bit Rate) service traffic in the ATM networks. The ABR service class of ATM networks uses a feedback control mechanism to adapt to varying link capacities. The VS/VD(Virtual Source/Virtual Destination) technique offers the possibility to segment the otherwise end-to-end ABR control loop into separate loops. The improved feedback delay and the control of ABR traffic inside closed segments provide a better performance and QoS(Quality of Service) for ABR connections with respect to throughput, delay, and jitter. This paper is study of an ABR VS/VD flow control method. Linear control theory offers the means to derive correct choices of parameters and to assess performance issues, like stability of the system, during the design phase. The performance goals are a high link utilization, fair bandwidth distribution and robust operation in various environments, which are verified by discrete event simulations. The major contribution of this work is the use of linear control theory to model and design an ABR flow control method tailored for the special layout of a VS/VD switch, the simulation shows that this techniques better than conventional method.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.83-95
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• 2017

This study examined the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure on the excavation wall in jointed rock mass by considering different groundwater conditions under various rock types, joint inclination angles, and earth pressure coefficients. Based on a physical model test (Son and Park, 2014), extended studies were conducted considering rock-structure interactions based on the discrete element method, which can consider the joints characteristics of rock mass. The results showed that the earth pressure was highly influenced by the groundwater condition as well as the rock type, joint inclination angle, and earth pressure coefficient. The results were also compared with Peck's earth pressure for soil ground, and clearly showed that the earth pressure in jointed rock mass can be greatly different from that in soil ground.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.89-89
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• 2011

한 유역에서 유출 모형의 성공을 좌우할 수 있는 중요한 요소 중 하나는 강수 손실량(precipitation loss)을 결정하는 것이다. 손실량은 홍수 예측이나 수자원 평가를 위한 유출 모형의 주요 입력 자료가 된다. 만족할 만한 유출 모형을 구현하기 위해서는 손실량의 정확한 평가가 요구된다(Najafi, 2003). 총 강우량 중에서 손실량을 뺀 초과 강우량 또는 유효 강우량은 치수적 측면이든 이수적 측면에서 요구되는 직접 유출량(direct runoffs)에 상당하는 규모로서 유출 모형에서 매우 중요하다. 이제까지 많은 경우에 직접 유출되는 유효 강수량은 총강수량에서 주요 손실량 성분인 침투량을 감하여 산출하여 왔다. 이 때 침투량은 호우사상별로 적게는 유출량의 30%에서 많게는 100%까지 차지할 만큼 주요한 손실 성분으로 취급되었다(Chow, 1964 ; Singh, 1989). 침투량을 산정하기 위한 기존 모형내 포함되는 매개변수 값은 실용적으로 잘 정립되지 않았기 때문에 유출 모형에 실제 적용하는데 어려움이 있다. 한편 침투량 산정 모형 중에 Horton 모형은 가장 잘 알려져 있는 모형 중 하나이다(Horton, 1939 ; 1940). 후속 성과(Blake et al., 1968; Rawls et al., 1976)은 있었지만 모형내 매개변수 값을 결정해야 하는 실용상의 어려운 점이 있다(Singh, 1989). 그리고 국내 초과 강수량 산출 모형에 관한 연구사례가 다수(조홍제,1986; 남선우와 최은호, 1990; 정성원과 김승, 1991; 안태진 등, 2000; 박햇님과 조원철, 2002; 유주환, 2006) 있었지만 시간적으로 연속함수를 갖는 Horton 침투 모형을 실무적으로 이산화 하여 적용할 수 있도록 하는 방법의 절차 및 원칙이 제시되지 않아 유출 모형에 직접 적용하기 쉽지 않은 형편이다. 이에 본 발표에서는 한 유역에서 Horton 매개변수를 결정한 기존 연구(2006, 유주환)의 성과를 적용한 Horton 침투모형을 강수사상별 이산화한 시간별로 적용하는 절차와 적용 원칙을 소개하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.547-557
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• 2009

LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) is an active remote sensing technology which provides 3D coordinates of the Earth's surface by performing range measurements from the sensor. Early small footprint LIDAR systems recorded multiple discrete returns from the back-scattered energy. Recent advances in LIDAR hardware now make it possible to record full digital waveforms of the returned energy. LIDAR waveform decomposition involves separating the return waveform into a mixture of components which are then used to characterize the original data. The most common statistical mixture model used for this process is the Gaussian mixture. Waveform decomposition plays an important role in LIDAR waveform processing, since the resulting components are expected to represent reflection surfaces within waveform footprints. Hence the decomposition results ultimately affect the interpretation of LIDAR waveform data. Computational requirements in the waveform decomposition process result from two factors; (1) estimation of the number of components in a mixture and the resulting parameter estimates, which are inter-related and cannot be solved separately, and (2) parameter optimization does not have a closed form solution, and thus needs to be solved iteratively. The current state-of-the-art airborne LIDAR system acquires more than 50,000 waveforms per second, so decomposing the enormous number of waveforms is challenging using traditional single processor architecture. To tackle this issue, four parallel LIDAR waveform decomposition algorithms with different work load balancing schemes - (1) no weighting, (2) a decomposition results-based linear weighting, (3) a decomposition results-based squared weighting, and (4) a decomposition time-based linear weighting - were developed and tested with varying number of processors (8-256). The results were compared in terms of efficiency. Overall, the decomposition time-based linear weighting work load balancing approach yielded the best performance among four approaches.