• 제목/요약/키워드: Discrete Markov Chain

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Component-Based System Reliability using MCMC Simulation

  • ChauPattnaik, Sampa;Ray, Mitrabinda;Nayak, Mitalimadhusmita;Patnaik, Srikanta
    • Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.79-89
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    • 2022
  • To compute the mean and variance of component-based reliability software, we focused on path-based reliability analysis. System reliability depends on the transition probabilities of components within a system and reliability of the individual components as basic input parameters. The uncertainty in these parameters is estimated from the test data of the corresponding components and arises from the software architecture, failure behaviors, software growth models etc. Typically, researchers perform Monte Carlo simulations to study uncertainty. Thus, we considered a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation to calculate uncertainty, as it generates random samples through sequential methods. The MCMC approach determines the input parameters from the probability distribution, and then calculates the average approximate expectations for a reliability estimation. The comparison of different techniques for uncertainty analysis helps in selecting the most suitable technique based on data requirements and reliability measures related to the number of components.

영과잉 포아송 회귀모형에 대한 베이지안 추론: 구강위생 자료에의 적용 (Bayesian Analysis of a Zero-inflated Poisson Regression Model: An Application to Korean Oral Hygienic Data)

  • 임아경;오만숙
    • 응용통계연구
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.505-519
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    • 2006
  • 셀 수 있는 이산 자료(discrete count data)에 대한 분석은 여러 분야에서 활용되고 있지만 영(zero)을 과도하게 포함하고 있는 영과잉 자료는 자료의 성격상 포아송 분포를 따르지 못할 때가 있어 분석에 어려움이 따른다. Zero-Inflated Poisson(ZIP)모형은 이런 어려움을 극복하기 위하여 영에 대한 점확률을 가지는 분포와 포아송 분포를 합성하여 과도한 영과 영이 아닌 자료를 설명하는 모형이다. 설명 변수가 존재할 때는 포아송 분포 부분에서 반응변수의 평균과 공변량사이에 로그선형 연결함수를 사용한 Zero-Inflated Poisson Regression(ZIPR)모형이 사용될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 기법을 이용한 ZIPR모형의 베이지안 추론방법을 제안하고, 이를 실제 구강위생 자료에 적용하며 다른 모형들과 비교한다. 그 결과 베이지안 추론 방법을 적용한 영과잉 모형의 추정오차가 다른 모형들의 추정오차보다 작았고, 예측치가 더 정확했다는 점에서 우수함을 알 수 있었다.

IMT-2000 외부회로 전력제어의 최적변수 및 성능 분석 (Optimum Parameter and Performance Analysis of Outer-Loop Power Control in IMT-2000)

  • 이재성;장영민;전기준
    • 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2002
  • 이 논문에서는 동기식 IMT-2000에서 사용되는 외부회로 전력제어를 위한 최적의 E/sub b/ /I/sub oT/(목표로 하는 비트당 에너지 대 간섭의 스펙트럼 밀도의 비) 증감크기(step size)를 구한다. 외부회로 전력제어의 성능은 채널환경에 따른 고정된 E/sub b/ /I/sub oT/ 증감크기에 많은 영향을 받는다. 기존의 방법은 실제 기지국에서 전문가적 경험을 바탕으로 결정되어 정확성이 떨어지며, 이론적으로 그 성능 또한 명확히 증명되지 못하였다. 이 논문에서는 이산시간 마코프 체인(discrete-time Markov chain)을 이용하여 E/sub b/ /I/sub oT/ 증감크기를 구하고 이를 이용한 시스템이 최적의 사용자 용량과 원하는 통화품질을 만족시켜줌을 보인다.

교차로 분석을 위한 불연속 대기행렬 모형 개발 (A Discrete Time Queueing Model for Intersection Analysis)

  • 하동익
    • 대한교통학회지
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.89-97
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    • 1994
  • 신호화된 교차로의 운영비율을 측정하기 위해 현재 세계적으로 광범위하게 이용되 는 척도는 교차로 통과차량의 평균지체시간이다. 그간 교차로 분석을 위해 많은 대기행렬 모형이 발표되어 왔고 또 그중 일부가 현재 사용 중에 있는데 이들은 모두 steady-state를 가정한 해법이다. 그러나 steady-state 모형은 시간에 따른 대기행렬 길이의 변화를 고려하 지 못하므로 현실적인 분석에 한계가 있는 방법론이다. 그러므로 정당한 교차로 시간산출을 위해서는 time-dependent한 분석형의 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 discrete Markov chain을 이용하여 단순히 단위시간 동안의 도착율과 출발율로써 transition probabilities를 계산하는 새로운 대기행렬 모형을 개발하였다. 개발된 불연속 대기행렬 모형을 이용하여 교 차로 분석을 할 경우 기존의 교차로 지체모형과 비교하여 기대되는 개선효과는 다음과 같 다. 변화를 고려한 dynamic한 분석으로 현실적이고 정당한 예측을 할 수 있다. 신호자동에 의한 영향을 분석할 수 있다. 그리고 독립적교차로 뿐만 아니라 간선도로, 나아가서 network 분석을 할 수 있으며, 동시에 주어지 교통여건에 대해 신호자동화를 위한 최적값을 산출해 낸다.

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멀티클래스 서비스 환경에서 Active-WRED 기반의 혼잡 제어 메커니즘 및 성능 분석 (Performance Analysis of a Congestion cControl Mechanism Based on Active-WRED Under Multi-classes Traffic)

  • 김현종;김종찬;최성곤
    • 전자공학회논문지CI
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    • 제45권5호
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    • pp.125-133
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    • 2008
  • 본 논문은 다양한 서비스 클래스가 제공되는 BcN (Broadband convergence Network) 환경에서 상위 우선순위 서비스의 품질을 보장하기 위한 능동 큐 관리 메커니즘 (Active-WRED)을 제안한다. 네트워크 혼잡 상황에서 제안된 메커니즘은 상대적으로 낮은 우선순위를 갖는 서비스의 drop 확률을 증가시키고 이에 따라 상위 우선순위 서비스의 drop 확률을 감소시킴으로써 상위 우선순위 서비스에 대해 패킷 손실로부터 품질을 보장할 수 있다. 제안된 능동 큐 관리 메커니즘의 성능을 분석하기 위해 이산 시간 큐잉 시스템의 통계적 분석 방법을 도입하였다. 두 서비스 클래스 (GS: Guaranteed Service, BS: Best Effort Service)만을 고려하여 제안 방안의 성능 분석을 위해 MMBP-2 (two-state Markov-Modulated Bernoulli arrival Process) 트래픽 소스 모델과 2차 이산시간 Markov 체인을 도입하였다.

ANALYSIS OF THE DISCRETE-TIME GI/G/1/K USING THE REMAINING TIME APPROACH

  • Liu, Qiaohua;Alfa, Attahiru Sule;Xue, Jungong
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • 제28권1_2호
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    • pp.153-162
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    • 2010
  • The finite buffer GI/G/1/K system is set up by using an unconventional arrangement of the state space, in which the remaining interarrival time or service time is chosen as the level. The stationary distributions of resulting Markov chain can be explicitly determined, and the chain is positive recurrent without any restriction. This is an advantage of this method, compared with that using the elapsed time approach [2].

A Bayesian cure rate model with dispersion induced by discrete frailty

  • Cancho, Vicente G.;Zavaleta, Katherine E.C.;Macera, Marcia A.C.;Suzuki, Adriano K.;Louzada, Francisco
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.471-488
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    • 2018
  • In this paper, we propose extending proportional hazards frailty models to allow a discrete distribution for the frailty variable. Having zero frailty can be interpreted as being immune or cured. Thus, we develop a new survival model induced by discrete frailty with zero-inflated power series distribution, which can account for overdispersion. This proposal also allows for a realistic description of non-risk individuals, since individuals cured due to intrinsic factors (immunes) are modeled by a deterministic fraction of zero-risk while those cured due to an intervention are modeled by a random fraction. We put the proposed model in a Bayesian framework and use a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for the computation of posterior distribution. A simulation study is conducted to assess the proposed model and the computation algorithm. We also discuss model selection based on pseudo-Bayes factors as well as developing case influence diagnostics for the joint posterior distribution through ${\psi}-divergence$ measures. The motivating cutaneous melanoma data is analyzed for illustration purposes.

A probabilistic framework for drought forecasting using hidden Markov models aggregated with the RCP8.5 projection

  • Chen, Si;Kwon, Hyun-Han;Kim, Tae-Woong
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2016년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.197-197
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    • 2016
  • Forecasting future drought events in a region plays a major role in water management and risk assessment of drought occurrences. The creeping characteristics of drought make it possible to mitigate drought's effects with accurate forecasting models. Drought forecasts are inevitably plagued by uncertainties, making it necessary to derive forecasts in a probabilistic framework. In this study, a new probabilistic scheme is proposed to forecast droughts, in which a discrete-time finite state-space hidden Markov model (HMM) is used aggregated with the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP) precipitation projection (HMM-RCP). The 3-month standardized precipitation index (SPI) is employed to assess the drought severity over the selected five stations in South Kore. A reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is used for inference on the model parameters which includes several hidden states and the state specific parameters. We perform an RCP precipitation projection transformed SPI (RCP-SPI) weight-corrected post-processing for the HMM-based drought forecasting to derive a probabilistic forecast that considers uncertainties. Results showed that the HMM-RCP forecast mean values, as measured by forecasting skill scores, are much more accurate than those from conventional models and a climatology reference model at various lead times over the study sites. In addition, the probabilistic forecast verification technique, which includes the ranked probability skill score and the relative operating characteristic, is performed on the proposed model to check the performance. It is found that the HMM-RCP provides a probabilistic forecast with satisfactory evaluation for different drought severity categories, even with a long lead time. The overall results indicate that the proposed HMM-RCP shows a powerful skill for probabilistic drought forecasting.

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Survivability Evaluation Model in Wireless Sensor Network using Software Rejuvenation

  • Parvin, Sazia;Thein, Thandar;Kim, Dong-Seong;Park, Jong-Sou
    • 융합보안논문지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.91-100
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    • 2008
  • The previous works in sensor networks security have focused on the aspect of confidentiality, authentication and integrity based on cryptographic primitives. There has been no prior work to assess the survivability in systematic way. Accordingly, this paper presents a survivability model of wireless sensor networks using software rejuvenation for dual adaptive cluster head. The survivability model has state transition to reflect status of real wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we only focus on a survivability model which is capable of describing cluster head compromise in the networks and able to switch over the redundant cluster head in order to increase the survivability of that cluster. Second, this paper presents how to enhance the survivability of sensor networks using software rejuvenation methodology for dual cluster head in wireless sensor network. We model and analyze each cluster as a stochastic process based on Semi Markov Process (SMP) and Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC). The proof of example scenarios and numerical analysis shows the feasibility of our approach.

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Modelling of Differentiated Bandwidth Requests in IEEE 802.16m Systems

  • Yoon, Kang Jin;Kim, Ronny Yongho;Kim, Young Yong
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.726-747
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    • 2013
  • In order to support a large number of mobile stations (MSs) with statistical multiplexing in cellular networks, a random access scheme is widely used for uplink (UL) bandwidth request (BR). In the design of a random access based BR scheme, there are two important requirements: short connection delay and diverse Quality of Services (QoSs) support. Such requirements are crucial for IMT-Advanced systems like IEEE 802.16m to provide various types of fourth generation (4G) data services. IEEE 802.16m provides advanced UL BR schemes for non-real time polling service (nrtPS) and best-effort (BE) service to meet the requirements of short connection time and multiple QoS level support. In order to provide short connection time and multiple QoS support, three-step and differentiated BR procedures are adopted. In this paper, a novel modelling of IEEE 802.16m contention based BR scheme is proposed that uses a 2-dimensional discrete time Markov chain. Both the short access delay three-step BR procedures and normal five-step BR procedure are considered in the model. Our proposed model also incorporates the IEEE 802.16m differentiated BR procedure. With the proposed model, we extensively evaluate the performance of IEEE 802.16m BR for two different service classes by changing QoS parameters, such as backoff window size and BR timer. Computer simulations are performed to corroborate the accuracy of the proposed model for various operation scenarios. With the proposed model, accurate QoS parameter values can be derived for the IEEE 802.16m contention-based BR scheme.