• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2014

This study investigated (1) whether Korean learners of English use discourse-level prosody in L2 production as native speakers of English do, and (2) whether discourse-level prosody is also found in the Korean language, as is evident in the prosody of native speakers of English. The study compared the production of the same 15 sentences in two types of reading materials, sentence-level and discourse-level. This study analyzed the onset pitch, sentence mean pitch and pause length to examine the paratone (intonational paragraph) realization in discourse-level speech. The results showed that in L2 discourse-level prosody, the Korean speakers were limited in displaying paratone and did not made significant difference between sentence-level and discourse-level prosody. On the other hand, in L1 discourse-level text, both English and Korean participants demonstrated paratone using pitch. However, there were differences in using prosodic cues between two groups. In using pauses, the ES group paused longer before both the orthographically marked and not marked topic sentences. The KS group paused longer only before the orthographically marked topic sentence in both L1 and L2 text reading. In the comparison of sentence-level and discourse-level prosody, the topic sentences were marked by different prosodic cues. English participants used higher sentence mean pitch, and the Korean participants used higher onset pitch.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2012

Discourse is regarded as an important component of communication assessment, but studies about the discourse characteristics of the elderly are scant. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of aging, gender, and educational level on discourse in elderly people with normal cognitive function. Forty normal elderly and forty young people participated in this study. A picture description task (Boston Cookie-Theft picture) was used to examine discourse function. The description task was analyzed for both productivity (total number of sentences, total number of syllables, and syllables per sentence) and semantics (CIU ratio). The results were as follows: 1) Only CIU ratio differed significantly according to age. 2) In the total number of syllables and syllables per sentence, females demonstrate a higher number than males. 3) The CIU ratio differed significantly according to educational level. These results suggest that impairment of communicative function is an aspect of cognitive impairment that can be related to aging. Also, discourse performance in the elderly is associated with their gender and educational level.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2002

The temporal structure of events on the discourse level has long been of great interest in both theoretical and computational linguistics. In this paper, we offer a unified approach to the temporal relationships related to a hierarchical discourse structure. We apply the method of pronoun resolution to the interpretation of tense. It is based on an analysis within the framework of the controlled information packaging theory. A unique aspect of our account is that temporal interpretation across discourse segments in global discourse is subject to the same principles as the interpretation of global anaphora, and that there is thus no need to postulate independent principles to account for the discourse behaviour of tense. In this way, we can neatly explain the general view that tense parallels the anaphoric nature of pronouns.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.179-217
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• 2011

본 연구는 TV시사다큐멘터리가 정신장애와 정신장애인에 대해 어떤 담론을 생산하고 있는지를 알아보고 있다. 담론은 현실을 규정하고 해석하여 현실을 재구성하는 힘을 가지므로, 다큐멘터리가 생성하는 정신장애담론은 언어표현의 방식과 내용을 통해 지배담론의 형상과 지배담론이 현실을 어떻게 재구성하는지를 포착할 수 있는 중요한 단서가 된다. 이를 위해 공중파 방송사들의 시사다큐멘터리 중 정신장애를 다루고 있는 프로그램 4개를 Fairclough의 비판적 담론분석방법으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, TV 다큐멘터리가 생성하고 있는 정신장애 담론은 '구별짓기의 완성' 이었다. 텍스트 수준에서 구별의 이유를, 담론적 실천에서는 구별의 주체와 방법을, 사회적 실천에서는 구별짓기의 일상화를 보여주고 있었다. 다큐멘터리의 정신장애 담론은 정신장애인에 대한 관습적이고 통념적 담론을 반복적으로 재생산하고 정신장애인을 담론생산의 장으로부터 배제하면서 그들의 주체적 위치를 상실시킨다. 정신장애에 대한 지배담론의 구조와 질서를 전복할 수 있는 대안담론은 정신장애인들이 담론생산의 주체 위치를 회복할 때 가능해 질 수 있는 것이다. 또한 연구자와 실천가들도 지배담론의 효과에 민감하며 대안담론의 생산에 적극적으로 가담할 때 대안담론 구성의 가능성을 열 수 있을 것이다.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.137-150
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• 2004

This paper investigates the prosodic characteristics of discourse boundaries in spontaneous conversation. In this study, the term 'conversation' is taken to refer to a kind of talk in which two or more participants alternate in speaking about particular topics. Such a definition implies that there are at least two sorts of structures in the conversation: textual structure and interactive structure. This requires us to consider not just the textual influences on prosody but also the impact of interactive context. The aim of this study is to find out the acoustic-prosodic means used by speakers to signal discourse boundaries in conversational interaction. The results show that the conflict between the structural level and the interactive level obliges the speakers to reorganize the prosodic variables according to the type of discourse boundaries.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.53-80
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• 2012

본 연구는 연립방정식과 연립부등식에서 탈북학생들이 나타내는 오류의 유형과 수학적 담론의 특성을 파악하여 학습의 향상을 꾀하고자 시도되었다. 이 때 담론중심의 학습은 학생들을 수학적 언어의 공동체로 이끌어내는 수단이 되어 자신감을 극복할 수 있게 돕는다. 이를 위해 다양한 배경을 지닌 5명의 탈북학생을 대상으로 2011년 1학기 서울에 위치한 모OO 대안학교에서 보충수업일환으로 8차시 연구가 수행되었다. 학습과정은 녹음되어 전사되었고, 학생의 학습지, 연구자의 관찰지가 수집되었다. 연구결과로는 탈북학생들은 기술적 오류, 기록오류, 잘못 이해된 기호, 잘못 해석된 언어, 한자어 해석오류를 보였고, 담론은 제 0수준으로부터 서서히 상위수준으로 향상은 보였으나 최상의 수준인 제 2수준~3수준은 단편적으로만 나타났다. 그러나 담론의 요소인 설명하기와 정당화하기가 활성화되면서 상호작용의 ERE 패턴에서 Ev(평가)와 Eb(정교화)가 증가하는 긍정적인 양상을 보였다.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

Summarization is a complex cognitive task and its simulation is very difficult for machines. This paper presents an automatic summarization strategy that is based on a discourse categorization of the textual information. This categorization is carried out by the automatic identification of discourse markers in texts. We defend here the use of discourse methods in automatic summarization. Two evaluations of the summarization strategy are presented. The summaries produced by our strategy are evaluated with summaries produced by humans and other applications. These two evaluations display well the capacity of our application, based on EXCOM, to produce summaries comparable to the summaries of other applications.

• 한국어교육
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.209-233
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the pragmatic functions of '-ketun(yo)' expressed in the discourse associating with the context of communication based on the actual conversations of Korean native speakers. As discourse is closely related to the context, contextual factors surrounding the discourse should be actively considered in order to reveal the function of grammar expressed in the discourse. Also, there is need to consider the grammatical functions in terms of the linguistic user which is the subject of interaction in the discourse. Based on this necessity, in this study, we analyzed the pragmatic functions of '-ketun(yo).' As a result, '-ketun(yo)-' had a great influence on the formation and expansion of the shared context in communication contexts. The shared context is expanded through generative mutual knowledge and priori mutual knowledge. As a result of the conversation analysis, '-ketun(yo)-' was used at a high frequency in the expansion of generative mutual knowledge formation. In addition, '-ketun(yo)-' appeared to have a discourse cohesion function that binds topics with other topics. In the case that '-ketun(yo)-' is formed through priori mutual knowledge, '-ketun(yo)-' could be used as a sign to lead the union of the speaker and the listener. This study has significance in that it examines the pragmatic functions of '-ketun(yo)-' in relation to the context of communication based on actual utterance.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.63-92
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• 2020

Student engagement in high-level, cognitively demanding instruction is pivotal for student learning. However, many teachers are unable to maintain such instruction, especially in instances of non-responsive students. This case study of three middle school teachers explores prompts that aim to move classroom discussions past student silence. Prompt sequences were categorized into Progressing, Focusing, and Redirecting Actions, and then analyzed for maintenance of high levels of cognitive demand. Results indicate that specific prompt types are prone to either raise or diminish the cognitive demand of a discussion. While Focusing Actions afforded students opportunities to process information on a more meaningful level, Progressing Actions typically lowered cognitive demand in an effort to get through mathematics content or a specific method or procedure. Prompts that raise cognitive demand typically start out as procedural or concrete and progress to include students' thoughts or ideas about mathematical concepts. This study aims to discuss five specific implications on how teachers can use prompting techniques to effectively maintain cognitively challenging discourse through moments of student silence.

• 한국어교육
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.255-292
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• 2018

Most grading scales of Korean language proficiency tests are based on existing grading scales that are not empirically verified. The purpose of this study is to develop an empirically verified scale descriptor. The 'Performance data-driven approach' that is suggested by Fulcher (1987) was used to develop the detailed description of characteristics for each level of performance. This study is focused on the functional phase of speech samples analysis (coding data) to create explanatory categories of discourse skills into which individual observations of speech phenomena can be scored. The speech samples that were collected through this study demonstrated stages of speech that can be a foundation of a grading scale. The data used in the study was collected from 23 native speakers of Korean. Speech samples were recorded from simulated speaking tests using the 'REFUSAL' task, and transcribed for analysis. The transcript was analyzed using discourse analysis. The result showed that the 'REFUSAL' task needs to go through four functional phases in actual communication. Furthermore, this study found specific and detailed explanatory categories of discourse competence based on the actual native speaker's speech data. Such findings are expected to contribute to the development of more valid and reliable speaking assessment.