• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.24 no.65
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• pp.23-30
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• 2001

In this paper, we consider an inventory system in case the toleration to be inventory stortage under the price discount. It has been observed that suppliers suggest a free addition of marketing policy like a price discount. A major reason for a supplier to offering a free addition to a customers is to stimulate the demand and to decrease a total cost. but, If we not adapting to the toleration to be inventory-lacking, we will a burden holding costs in a relation to the holding of inventory. This paper, is a combination of the toleration of inventory shortage and the condition of discount price. The costs are defined as the sum of the ordering, holding, shortage, purchasing and opportunity costs. Based on numerical results, conclusions follow about the total of operation costs the division of the shortage rate of inventory.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 2018

Purpose Product characteristics and price value in website have strongly effects on customer satisfaction. Especially, in the online shopping site, the scarcity limits the customer's opportunity to purchase the product. Thus scarcity has been proposed as a important factor that makes the customer highly aware of the merchantability of the product. The scarcity in the web store is used as an important variable to make purchasing decisions of users easier by psychological pressure. In the case of scarce products with price discounts in online commerce, advertising formats that highlight scarcity value in the web commerce market are very effective in enhancing purchase intentions of consumers. Unlike offline stores, the importance of scarcity becomes more important when reflecting the characteristics of online commerce. Therefore, this study intends to confirm the influence of the degree of price discounts and scarcity information presented by Web sites on consumer purchase behavior in Web purchase behavior. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a web-based experimental study on price sensitivity and price discount. Therefore, we created experimental web-sites that offer two stimuli according to the discount rate. The 200 respondents were randomly assigned. The stimuli were fictitious based on tourism products. The first stimulus presented the price discount(15% discount) with basic explanation about the package of the tourist package. The stimuli assigned to the second group were used for groups with high price discount intensity(65% discount). In this way, the two stimuli clearly distinguished the level of price discount intensity. This paper conducted t-test analysis and structural equation to analyze the experiemental results after confirming the reliability and validity. Findings The results of this study are as follows. The difference in price discount intensity (15% vs 65%) with scarcity showed the mean difference among all the variables. Therefore, this study concluded that there is a significant difference between the price discount of 15% and 65% for the acquisition value and transaction value of users. In particular, consumers' purchase intention is greater and product recommendation intensity is stronger when the price discount is 65%. As a result, the high degree of the price discount intensity with scarcity exerts a greater influence on consumers' purchase intentions. Product scarcity also have a significant impact on perceived value of users. Therefore, purchase intention of customers increases when perceived value increases their profit and pleasure feeling.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.6 no.2 s.24
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• pp.111-119
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• 2005

Although the life-spans of most apartment buildings are over fifty years, they are often demolished and retrofitted only after twenty years, in spite of its remaining life expectancy, resulting in economical waste. The purpose of this paper is to estimate optimum remodeling period of apartment buildings using total cost. In this study it is seen that total sum of running cost of life-span on the buildings is about 4.69 times of initial cost till the fifty years of the life expectancy. The optimum remodeling period of the apartment building is thirty years applying the discount rate of $4.17\%$ and the discount rate should be $6.122\%$ to obtain the forty years of the optimum remodeling period. From the sensitivity analysis based on the change of the discount rates, it is seen that if discount rate decreases the optimum remodeling period can be extended, or vice versa. As a result, a time of the demolished and remodeling can be expected and the basic data can also be established for lengthening life-span of the apartment buildings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1983

The study was performed to decide the returns or investment efficiency of the fuel forest established project and to examine its economic value as compared the benefit with the cost occurring from that established by I.B.R.D loan. The data got from the surveying plot and other things connected with the project were applied to the measures of benefit-cost ratio and internal rate of return (IRR). The following are the results from the economic analysis of the fuel forest created by the loan per hectare 1) In case of converting the fuelwood value from the fuel forest into briquet price, the benefit-cost ratio is 1.18 at the 6 percent discount rate and the IRR is appraised to 12.2 percent 2) In the sensitivity analysis estimated by the rising rate of rural wages 27% the yearly mean, the B/C ratio is 1.07 at the 6 percent discount rate and the IRR 9.2 percent. 3) In the sensitivity analysis estimated by the rising rate of briquet price, 26% the yearly mean, the B/C ratio is 1.34 at the 6 percent discount rate and the IRR is appraised high to 15.7 percent 4) In the event of including indirect effects to the direct in the project, the economic effect could be increased just a little more.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.749-750
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• 2006

TFRC is an equation-based rate control scheme originally developed for video transmission over wired networks. When applied to the wireless networks, it suffers from performance degradation. In this thesis, we propose an end-to-end loss discrimination algorithm to improve the performance of TFRC over wireless networks. The proposed WLD-TFRC scheme combines Spike and WLD(Wireless Loss Discount) algorithms to discriminate wireless loss from congestion loss, and to discount feedback loss event rate. Experimental results show that WLD-TFRC outperforms the original TFRC and effectively reduce the degradation of the video quality caused by the wireless link status.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.119-147
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• 2017

Purpose In an online e-commerce environment without face-to-face contact between the seller and the buyer, the attitudes of consumers differ greatly depending on which framing strategy is applied, even in cases when the benefits of the deals represent the same value. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of price-framing and message-framing strategies on consumer attitudes through an experimental analysis in the context of online travel product purchasing. This study suggests a research model based on prospect theory and prior literature on price-framing and message-framing strategies. Design/methodology/approach The experiment was structured as a 2 (discount price presentation: 'Won' vs. '%') ${\times}$ 2 (discount level: low vs. high) ${\times}$ 2 (time-limit message: none vs. one) mixed design. The research hypotheses were tested in a study of 200 undergraduate and graduate students assigned randomly and distributed evenly to each of the eight cells. Findings The findings indicate that consumer attitudes become more favorable when the '%' discount, higher discount rate, and time-limit message are presented. However, no significant interaction effect is found between the discount price presentation and the discount level/time-limit message. This study has a theoretical implication in that it extends the scope of research by examining the influence of framing strategies on experience goods such as online travel products. Moreover, this study can provide managers with more specific guidelines when establishing framing strategies in the context of purchasing online travel products.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.143-161
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• 2015

This study presents a comparative analysis on mackerel distribution process and price formation process, and investigation of price and margin between traditional markets and Large-scale discount store distribution channel. Through this, the study investigated distribution efficiency of each channel, and examined whether a difference of distribution efficiency leads to a difference of performance through the investigation of a difference of function and role between members of a wholesale market and vendor of Large scale discount store. The following are the results of this study. As a consequence of investigating supply and sum by distribution channel of mackerel, it appeared that mackerels shipped from port market are distributed into 9 consumption sites(Wholesale market, Large scale discount store, Institutional Food Service, etc.). In the comparison of distribution efficiency between traditional retail store and Large scale discount store 52.0% margin is formed in traditional retail store distribution channel and 43.1% margin is formed in Large scale discount store, and a distribution cost rate consists of 19.4% cost in a traditional retail store for fishery products and 18.1% cost in a Large-scale discount store. To analyze a difference of performance, the study examine a difference of role and function between vendor and Wholesale market company, wholesaler and middleman. Wholesale market company and middleman of wholesale market for consumer have slightly high or similar score in collection function, sorting function, evaluation function and financial function which are traditional and original. However, it was confirmed that vendor has a better score in other functions, that is, newly-demanded functions(ex : market frontier function, product development function, Integral Distribution Function, etc.).

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.409-424
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• 1995

This study intends to investigate the actual state and problems of Outlet, and the research consumer's perception of Outlet. It affords a effective way to get rid of inventories for manufacture and to economize and rational buying for consumer. Ultimately trying to find a effective managing method of Outlet for both manufacturers and consumers. The result about research the actual sate of Outlet, there are affluent assortment, generous amount of merchandise and high discount rate in Kuro-dong Outlet stores, but stores' location is scattered that makes shopping environment inconvenient. It is not good condition of assortment, quantity and freshness of merchandise in Mungung-dong Outlet stores, but close proximity between stores and fancy shopping place make convenient shopping possible. Multi-discount stores dilute the fundumental of Qutlet with poor quantity and assortment of merchandise make man choices possible for consumer, but discount rate is lower for high management cost. The result about research the consumer's perception of Outlet shows that consumer have enough interest in Outlet, and intention to continue shopping in Outlet. Therefore we can expect continuous growth of Outlet. Also consumer is satisfied with price and quality of merchandise, but they are not satisfied with assortment of merchandise, expecially poorness in sizes.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.53-62
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• 2014

This paper investigates whether the use of Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) to provide water for washing machines in Hong Kong residential buildings would be financially attractive. In such systems, rainwater is accumulated and reused for doing laundry, garden irrigation, flushing toilets, and even drinking. Thus, the analysis of RWHSs' financial feasibility is essential for construction projects. RainCycle is used to validate financial feasibility, considering particular circumstances and data relevant to the Hong Kong context. A range of different scenarios by adjusting three factors are evaluated: catchment area, water demand, and discount rate. It is suggested that $2,000m^2$ would be a suitable catchment area in a typical Hong Kong residential building and it is demonstrated how water demand and discount rate influence the financial performance of RWHSs. In particular, the financial performance of RWHSs is sensitive to discount rates. The results suggest that the RWH system would be worthwhile for buildings with a lower number of floors, but would barely achieve financial validation in Hong Kong's super high-rise residential buildings.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1566-1574
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• 2004

This study tried to find out alternatives adjusting basic fare using customer survey. But it merely verified that train fare decision is made by government's role and market status. Also, it has a limitation deciding resonable fare of KTX that average cost and marginal cost calculation is impossible because Korean National Railroad does not follow 'Activity Based Costing'. It is rational fare decision that performing survey to railroad experts and general customers, and compare two results. Summarizing results of this study, 1. The hypothesis 'Experts' perceived fare level of KTX is higher than that of general customer. 'is carried. It suggests that following experts' opinion with general customer's is very rational method to decide fare level. 2. The hypothesis 'Experts expect lower level of fare discount rate than general customer.' is carried. 3. It is hard to decide priority among many kinds of discount for difference of two group's preference. However, following recent research project is maximized by discounting fare 30$\%$ on 40$\%$ of total passenger and expand number of discount kinds step by step are desirable.