• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.631-641
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• 2001

This study is to investigate women have pre menstruation discomfort, The period of this research was almost one month (from 25, August 2001 to 25, October 2001). The PAF (Premenstrual assessment form), which was made by Park, Myonng-Wha, used for this study. The confidence rate is Crombach's $\alpha$= .9773. Correcting research papers are analyzed by SPSS 7.5 program and normal feature of the subject is divided by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The average age of the subjects is 26.47 age. 220 subjects(44.6%) have gastroenteric trouble like, enteritis, stomachache, laxity. 278 subjects usually have caffeine drink in routine life. 123 subjects(24.9%) have controlled their diet. The average age of the first plowing is 13.55 ages and distribution is between 10 years and 20 years. The average of the uncomfortable point is 2.84. The way to reduce the uncomfortable feeling on the menstruation is taking relax time. 2. All subjects have experienced pre menstruation discomfort, even the degree uncomfortable feeling is different. Through eighteenth categories on the research papers, average point 2.21 were calculated and many subjects have fatigue ($2.89{\pm}1.0614$) and normal physical uncomfortable ($2.84{\pm}1.0633$) and undercurrent water symptom and unsuitability ($2.45{\pm}0.9857$). 3. According to the result of this study, that shows statistical difference; age (F=2.56. p=.037). marriage (t=2.60, p=.009) the number of children(t=2.83, p=.005), stress level(F=13.03, p=.000) job(F=3.91, p=.020). monthly income(t=2.14. p=.032) uncomfortable degree on the menstruation (F=19.121, p=.000), use of contraceptive appliance or pill(t=-2.20, p=.043), schooling (F=3.30, p=.038). Further research is need to understand pie menstruation discomforts, the variables associated with them. And nursing intervention has to considered in program to reduces of pre-menstruation discomforts.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify menstrual discomforts and coping m adult women. The subjects were 577 adult women. aged 20 years old and over. selected by convenient sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from December 2. 2004 to December 31. 2004. Two instruments were modified and used in this study. the Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire by Park(1988) and the Menstrual Coping Questionnaire by Billings & Moos(198l). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. t-test. and ANOVA with SPSS 10.0 program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was $85.6\%$. 2. The total mean score for menstrual discomforts was 2.82 of a possible total of 5. The mean score for each category was 3.10 for water retention. 2.93 for negative affect. 2.89 for pain. 2.74 for autonomic reactions. 2.73 for behavioral change. and 2.59 for concentration. 3. Statistical differences were found for menarche age(F=9.351. p<.00l), feeling to menstruation(F=12.376. p<.001). dysmenorrhea(t=7.3l7. p<.001). onset of dysmenorrhea (F= 12.766. p<.001). taking medication(t=6.289. p<.001). and degree of taking medication (F=12.924. p<.00l). 4. The coping modes with the highest scores were 'rest and go to the bed '$(83.3\%)$. 'regard menstruation as a physiological and temporary phenomenon' $(68.6\%)$, and 'take a warm shower' $(64.5\%)$. We conclude that there were many women with dysmenorrhea. that the first day was the onset of menstrual discomfort. and that it differed by menarche age. feeling to menstruation. dysmenorrhea. onset of dysmenorrhea. taking medication. and degree of taking medication. Nursing intervention has to be considered in programs to reduce menstrual discomfort.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2001

It has been proposed that the acceptable level of discomfort was a valid measure of postural loading. Although the number of women employees has increased at a much faster rate than men workers did and female workers are thought to be more vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders, most previous studies dealt with perceived discomforts for joint motions focused on male subjects. This study aims to measure perceived discomfort ratings of females for static joint motions. Ten female subjects participated in the experiment measuring perceived discomforts, in which almost every possible joint motion was included and the free modulus method of the magnitude estimation was employed. The results showed that discomfort levels were dependent on the joint motions and joints, and subjective discomfort ratings of women were significantly larger than those of men.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.162-175
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• 1999

The study was intended to investigate and explore the preimenstrual symptoms, their severity levels, their patterns and the relationships of the age to those symptoms and patterns among Korean women. The data were collected from 844 women in one highschool, one Nursing college and one Korea National Open University in Seoul, from Nov, 1997 to Jun. 1998. The instruments were the Menstrual Symptoms Questionnaire developed by Chesney and the Center for Epidemiologic studies Depression scale developed by Radloff. the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparison test, $X^2$-test, simple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis using pc-SAS program. The results were as follows ; 1. Korean women had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, abdominal discomfort and backache in perimenstrual period. There Teenages had more symptoms of depression and uterine cramps in the day before or the first day of menstruation. Women in their twenties had more symptoms of abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort, backache, abdominal bloating and the sensitiveness /discomforts in the lower back, abdomen and inner part of thighs. women in their thirties had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, tension and nervousness before the menstruation, abdominal discomfort and backpain in the first day of menstruation. Women in their forties had more symptoms of backache, breast discomforts, abdominal pain and discomforts. 2. The severity levels of the perimenstrual symptoms showed the highest score(mean=2.73) in twenties and the lowest score)mean=1.96) in forties The perimenstrual symptom patterns were prevailed the spasmodic menstrual symptoms in teenage and twenties and the congestive menstrual symptoms in thirties and forties. The age was a determinant of perimenstrual symptom patterns and the precipitative equation was log[p(age)/(1-p(age)]=2.7356-0.0982 age. 3. The relationship of the age to perimenstrual symptoms was vanished or lessened, controlling for parity as a test factor. this finding supports the notion that parity is an extraneous variable.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.415-423
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• 2003

Purpose: This study aims to examine whether the kinesio tape method can relax perimenstrual symptoms and decrease the menstrual pain of those who complain of perimenstrual discomforts. Method: This study has been designed to use the nonequivalent control group in the pre and post-test. The data have been collected from unmarried females complaining of perimenstrual discomfort and living in D city from the 2nd of February through the 10th of April, 2002. An experimental group of 32 people and a control group of 35 people were chosen, and they were first investigated for symptoms before and after menstruation when the menstrual pain was the severest and for the VAS measurement of menstrual pain. For the experimental group, the kinesio tape method was conducted two times a week for three weeks (six times in all), and the control group remained intact. The investigations after the experimental treatment were carried out in the same way as before. The measuring instruments were the peri menstrual measuring instruments of symptoms of 42 items and the menstrual pain was measured by VAS Result: The primary hypothesis: The experimental group who used the kinesio tape method would experience less perimenstrual discomfort than the control group who did not use it. The first sub-hypothesis: The first sub-hypothesis that suggests 'The experimental group who used the kinesio tape method would experience more relaxation of perimenstrual symptom than the control group who did not use it' was supported. The second sub-hypothesis: The second sub-hypothesis that suggests that 'The experimental group who used the kinesio tape method would get lower scores of menstrual pain of VAS than the control group who did not use it' was supported. Conclusion: These results of the study show that the kinesio tape method is effective in relaxing perimenstrual symptoms and lessening menstrual pain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 1998

This study was performed to compare the transcultural differences on perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes and sex role acceptance between Korean and American college students. The subjects, 2557 nursing students were selected from 13 universities all around Korea, and 4 universities in the eastern, western, and middle areas of the United States. The data were collected using the MDQ (Menstrual Distress Questionnaire by Moos), the MAQ(Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire), and the Sex Role Acceptance Scale, the subjects answered the MDQ for three points (premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual based on their recollections) between July, 1996 and April, 1997. The findings are as follows : 1. There were significant differences in the age of menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle between the Koreans and the Americans. 2. As for sex role acceptance, Americans more frequently denied the traditional female role than did Koreans. 3. There were significant differences between the two groups on five categories of menstrual attitude (menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically, menstruation is a bothersome phenomena, menstruation is a natural phenomena, menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena, and menstruation is a phenomena that does not influence womens' behaviors non is expected to). 4. For the menstrual discomfort scores, there were significant differences between the two groups on all six categories of the MDQ(pain, attention deficit, behavioral changes, AMS response, water retention, and negative emotion) for the three points (premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual period). 5. The most common complaints for the Korean women were pain during the perimenstrual period and fatigue during the intermenstrual period. In contrast, for the Americans the most common complaint was negative emotions during the perimenstrual period, but less pain than the Koreans, and a similarity to Koreans during the intermenstrual period. 6. Regularity of the menstrual cycle was positively correlated with age of menarche, menstrual cycle, and duration of menstruation. 7 For the interrelationship between of Perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and sex role acceptance, there were significant correlations for both group as follows : First, the MA category "menstruation is a bothering phenomena" was negatively correlated with sex role acceptance, second, the MA category "menstruation is a phenomena that weakens the women physically and psychologically" was positively correlated with the MA category "menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena." For the further research, it is recommended that efficient nursing intervention programs for perimenstrual discomforts, be developed and qualitative research to demonstrate the cultural differences as the feminism view point be done.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.779-791
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to measure a perceived joint discomfort in the seated and standing position, and to provide ranking systems of perceived joint discomfort. Nineteen mole subjects with no history of musculo-skeletal disorders participated in the experiment. Their physical characteristics were: age $-25.4{\pm}2.7$years, stature $-171.9{\pm}6.0cm$, and body weight $-67.1{\pm}7.0kg$. The results showed that the perceived joint discomforts were different depending upon the joints involved in motion and their movement directions (degree of freedom of motions), which implied that the human body motions and their degrees of freedom should be classified into several distinct classes that need to be assigned different weights of postural stress. Therefore, three ranking systems based on the perceived joint discomforts were suggested, which were classified by the degree of freedom of motions and joints, by only degree of freedom motions, and by joints involved in motion, respectively. In the seated position, the hip movement was the most stressful, the bock was the second, and the shoulder was the third. Likewise, in the standing postures, the hip was the most, the bock was the second, and the ankle was the third. It was expected that these joint motion ranking systems could be used by practitioners of health and safety to improve the comfort of working postures in industry.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.330-339
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to identify menstrual discomfort and dietary habits, and factors related to the menstrual discomforts. Method: Participants were 320 female middle school students in G city. The Menstrual Discomfort Questionaire(MDQ) and dietary habit lists were used as tools. Results: Factors related to MDQ were found to be the VAS scores (r=.361, p=.002), a mount of menstrual bleeding (r=.131, p=.019), height (r=.134, p=.016), adequacy of meal time (t=7.19, p=.008), consumption of milk & milk products (F=3.20, p=.042) and, hot, salty & irritant foods (f=8.01, p=.000), eating more than 3 kinds of side-dishes with each meal (F=8.32, p=.000), and various protein foods (F=5.15, p=.006). In stepwise regression, 4 variables (VAS scores, height, hot, salty & irritant foods, more than 3 kinds of side-dishes with each meal) explained $20.3\%$ of the variance in the total MDQ scores. Conclusion: Reduction of hot, salty & irritant foods and having more than 3 side-dishes with each meal would be effective in menstrual discomfort management. As well, good and, balanced dietary habits should be encouraged for early adolescent girls. To keep up with the ideal dietary habits, nutritional education & counseling should be continued. In a further study, a replication study with larger samples and more specified nutritional assessment are recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.783-792
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to develop appropriate Insole according to foot characteristics of female adults. This research concentrates on proving the effectiveness of Insole on resolving foot discomforts by analyzing the differences between the fitting and foot pressure before and after wearing Insole. Among 216 female testers of previous research, six testers wear selected and placed into six different groups classified according to foot discomforts and foot characteristics. After wearing Insole, the results indicates that the entire groups represented the improvement of fitting and the mitigation of foot discomfort. The results of foot pressure experiment shows that the maximum pressure of foot spreads out evenly after wearing Insole, which indicates the effectiveness of Insole. This efficacy works particularly well for foot testers of second and sixth group. The results indicate that group 6, which consist of the flat-footed and the old, have more noticeable effects derived from Insole, whereas group 3 and 5 do not, due to its constitution of people with fairly normal feet. Furthermore, it was evident that maximum pressure played a major role in proving the beneficial effects of Insole, one of which is to scatter the maximum pressure of heel away and lessen the foot pressure of plantar.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.239-249
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• 2015

This study was focused on how the various materials of footwear affect the preferences of functionality and the level of discomfort when wearing. Datas were collected using questionnaire, age of 20's to 50's of female and male. Results were analysed using SPSS WIN 2.0 through t-test and ANOVA test. Results are as follows: In the preferences of materials of footwear, datas showed the shoes are of genuine leather, the sneakers are of textiles, the sandals are of man-made leather and the boots are of genuine leather. The important factor to the preferences of the materials were the leathers in the durability, the man-made leathers in easy-care and maintenance, the rubber and the complex materials in comforts. The level of the discomforts of the footwear were highly ranked in genuine leather, the man-made leather and the complex material with man-made leather and textiles followed. Man-made leather and the textiles represented the discomfort in the ankle. Mostly discomforts of the footwear showed in the sole and the top side of the foot in all kinds of footwear. The preferences in functionality were collected by the female, also female preferred the comfort the first, male preferred the durability. And the texture and the durability were highly preferred in aged female and male.