• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.607-612
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• 2021

Silicon (Si) is one of the promising active materials to replace the widely used graphite because of its low electrochemical potential and high theoretical capacity. However, Si anodes still face in problems with the huge volume expansion and continuous decomposition of the electrolyte during repeated charge and discharge processes. To address these issues, a cross-linkable waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) based on a bio-oil, castor oil, was prepared and reacted with Tris(2,3-epoxypropyl) isocyanurate (TGIC) linkers, resulting in the formation of a mechanically robust 3D network structure. Si anodes fabricated with the CWPU-TGIC exhibited stable cycling performances and excellent discharge capacities. The results revealed that the CWPU-TGIC binder efficiently accommodates the large volume change for Si anode during charge and discharge cycles. Overall, the eco-friendly binder shows great promise in improving the electrochemical performances of Si anodes.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 2021

This paper attempted to find implications for water resource management and water quality improvement by analyzing the causal relationship among discharge, water temperature and pollution index, which were expected to have a great effect on water quality with the rise of water temperature and precipitation change as the warming effect in recent years. For this purpose, the unit root test, cointegration test, and Granger causal test were carried out for 10 multi-purpose dams in Korean major water systems using time series data on discharge, water temperature, BOD, COD and DO. It was analyzed that the fluctuation of water temperature affected the pollution index more than the fluctuation of discharge volume. Also, Hapcheon dam and Chungju dam were the best water quality management dams based on the high causal relationship between water quality and discharge. The second rank was Daecheong dam. The third-ranking group were Yongdam and Andong dam, whose causal relationships between water quality and discharge were low. The last group were the remaining five dams.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to analyze the flood inundation in a low-lying rural area. The study watershed selected for this study includes the Il-Pae and Ahn-Gok watersheds. It is located in the Namyangju, Korea and encompasses $3.64km^2$. A major flood event that occurred in July 2011 was chosen as the case for the flood inundation analysis. The Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) were used to simulate flood runoff and water surface elevation at each cross-section, respectively. The watershed topographic, soil, and land use data were processed using the GIS (Geographic Information System) tool for the models. The contribution to the total flood volume was estimated based on the results simulated by HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS. The results showed that the overflow discharge from the Il-Pae stream constituted 80% of the total flood volume. The contributions of rainfall falling directly on the inundation area and overflow discharge from the Ahn-Gok stream were 15 % and 5 %, respectively. The simulation results in different levee scenarios for the Ahn-Gok stream were also compared. The results indicated that the levee could reduce the flood volume a little bit.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.407-415
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• 2018

This study analyzed the role of dams for the flood control by the observed and simulated hourly flood discharge data. The study area was the Nakdong river basin with Andong and Imha dams. For the analysis 31 flood events from 1997 to 2010 were selected. In the analysis of the flood reduction rate (FRR) of dam itself, the FRR was not decreased with higher size of floods which is not as we expected. In order to see the trend of flood reduction rate depending on the flood size, flood discharge volume presents it better than peak flood discharge. In the comparison of the flood reduction effects of the two dams, Andong dam has 7% larger flood reduction influence at the Sungju gauging station (SGS) located farthest from the selected watershed. Comparing the ratio of the watershed area based on the covered size of the SGS, the FRR of dam is smaller than the area rate. The impact of FRR of dam showed that the FRR fell below 10% when reaching the size of watershed area corresponding to 8.5 times of the size of watershed area of the dam which is larger than Namhan river basin (7 times).

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1394-1408
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• 1968

The tidal discharge is defined as the quantity of water flowing through a certain cross-section per unit of time, in contrast to river discharges, tidal discharges change periodically in magnitude and direction. Thus the total volumes of water flowing into again out of the system-called flood volume and ebb volume, respectively, depend on both the tidal and the river discharges. To ditermine the tidal discharge and the flood and ebb volumes of the Yong-san river, the discharges were measured at spring, mean and neap tide and simultaneous gage reading were taken at Samhak-do, Lower Myo-do, Myongsan-ni and Naju. The general procedure for measuring the tidal discharges was as follows. First, several cross-sections were measured and one of them was chosen. First, several cross-sections were measured and one of them was chosen. Then verticals were serected in the chosen cross section. Because comparatively few verticals should be representative of the discharge distribution over the river profile, the selection was done in accordance with the somtimes irregular bottom profile. The velocities were measured with the same current meters. The observations which included water level readings were continued for a period of about 13 hours. The current direction meter, a pyramid shaped resistance body, suspend in the water on a thin wire. The bubble in a circular tilting level fixed to the wire indicates the direction of the current. Reading were taken at intervals of 1m for depths of 10m or less, and for depths over 10m at intervals of 2m, going downwards and upwards. The averages of the two velocities were used for the computation of the discharges. The discharges and the flood and ebb volumes were ditermined by a graphical method. The mean velocities, corrected for their direction when necesary, were ditermined for each time interval and each vertical, and these velocities were plotted against the time. The resulting curves show possible mistakes very clearly, and the effect of observation errors could be reduced. The corrected velocities read from the curve at half-hour intervals were multiplied by the depth at the virtical at the corresponding time. The discharges thus found were ploted against the position of the vertical in the transit and joined by a smooth curve, integration of the curve rendered the total discharges as they occurred of half-hour intervals. Plotting these total discharges against the time yeilded during the day. The flood and ebb volumes were obtained by integration of the total discharge curve.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-136
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• 2019

Tunnel construction by TBMs should be supported by the performance of a screw conveyor in order to obtain the optimum penetration rate, so studies related to the screw conveyor performance have been being conducted. Compared to the study on the performance of the screw conveyor for the soil, however, the research on the performance of the screw conveyor for the rock is insufficient. Considering the domestic tunnel sites with more rock layers than soil layers, simulation of discharge of 6 types of rock chips by the screw conveyor was conducted using DEM. Regardless of the shape and volume of the rock chips, the discharge rates of the rock chips by the parallel placed screw conveyor at a speed of 10 RPM in the same rock mass were about 20% (standard deviation: 1.3%) of the maximum volume of discharge rate by the screw conveyor. It is expected that this study can be used as a reference material for screw conveyor design and operation in TBM excavations in rock masses.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.353-365
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• 2010

Generally, river discharge is measured at flood forecasting points, upstream dam points, large rivers, and important points over a basin, and it is hard to estimate discharge of medium or small stream and small catchment. Physically based rainfall-runoff model with geographical parameters can simulate discharge at all the points within a basin with optimized parameters for a point in the basin. In this study, GRM (Grid based Rainfall-runoff Model) calibrated at the outlet is applied. The discharge at upstream point is estimated and the possibility of model regionalisation is examined for ungauged catchment of small or medium stream within a river system. Wicheon and Boksu watershed in Nakdonggang (Riv.) and Yudeungcheon (Riv.) respectively are selected. The discharge at Miseong and Sindae station is simulated with the parameters estimated at Museong and Boksu station. The results of Miseong and Sindae station show good agreement with observed hydrographs in peak discharge and peak time and consistently linear relationships with high correlations in discharge volume, peak discharge, and peak time. And it shows GRM could be applied to estimate discharge at ungauged catchments along a river system.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2006

An experimental study was carried out to obtain the fundamental data about the effect of sub-chamber on pre-mixture combustion. A eve (constant volume combustor) divided into a sub-chamber and a main chamber was used in this experiment. The volume of the sub-chamber was varid trom $0.45\%$ to $1.4\%$ about the whole combustion chamber. The sub-chamber has twelve narrow radial passage holes and a spark plug to ignite the pre-mixture. As the ignition occurs in the sub-chamber by a spark discharge, burned and unburned gas including a great number of radicals is injected into the main chamber, then the multi-point ignition occurs in the main chamber. The combustion pressure is measured to calculate the burning velocity mainly as a function of the sub-chamber volume, the diameter of the passage holes, and the equivalence ratio. In the case of RI (radical ignition) methods, the overall burning time became very short and the maximum burning pressure was slightly increased as compared with that of SI (spark ignition) method. The optimum design value of the sub-chamber is near 0.11 $cm^{-l}$ in the ratio of total area of holes to the sub-chamber volume.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2010

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with recurrent hospital admissions for exacerbation of COPD in Korea. Methods: A retrospective study of 77 consecutive patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD at Pusan National University Hospital during the time period January 2005 to May 2008 was performed. The information was collected from the hospitalization period: clinical information, spirometric measures, and laboratory variables. In addition, socioeconomic characteristics, co-morbidity, anxiety, and depression were reviewed. Frequent readmission was defined as 2 or more hospitalizations in the year following discharge. Results: During the 1-year period after discharge, 42 patients (54.6%) reported one hospital admission and 35 patients (45.4%) reported 2 or more hospital readmissions. Among the 35 frequent readmission patients, 4 had more than 10 readmissions. Univariate analysis showed that a body mass index (BMI) <$18.5kg/m^2$, duration >36 months, forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) <50% predicted, arterial $CO_2$ partial pressure ($PaCO_2$) >40 mm Hg, and arterial oxygen saturation ($SaO_2$) <95% at discharge were associated significantly with frequent readmissions. The multivariate analysis revealed that BMI <$18.5kg/m^2$, $PaCO_2$ >40 mm Hg at discharge were independently associated with frequent readmissions for exacerbation of COPD. Conclusion: Frequent readmissions for exacerbation of COPD were associated with low BMI and hypercapnia at discharge.

• Water for future
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.125-135
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• 1993

This study was conducted for two purposes. The first was the selection of the proper model for the urban runoff, and NPS(non-point source) loads and the second was the adjustment of the selected model through the calibration and the verification of the observed data on an urban drainage basin. The selected model for this study was the Storm Water Management Model(SWMM) developed and maintained by the US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). In particular, the Runoff Block for the surface discharge and the Transport Block for the flow routing was used. The study basin is Youngdu basin, which is a typical developed urban drainage basin. The four rainfall events for the runoff and the two for the four NPS pollutants(SS, BOD, COD and TN) were used for the calibration and the estimation of the model parameters. This study performed the calibration with regard to the peak discharge, the time to peak discharge, the volume and the relative error for three items. It was shown that SWMM can successfully be used for the prediction of the runoff and the NPS pollutants discharge. The result of this study can be used as the basis for the analysis of the correlation between the runoff and the NPS pollutants discharges, and the analysis of the mass balance with the monthly and annual NPS loads in an urban drainage basin.