• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.71-77
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate radiological changes in cervical disc herniation after oriental medical treatment. Methods : 9 patient diagnosed as cervical disc herniation by MRI were treated with oriental medical treatment and underwent a follow up MRI study. Results & Conclusions : Comparison of initial MRI with follow-up MRI showed that 2 of the herniations dimensions decreased between 1% and 25%, 1 decreased between 26% and 50%, 5 decreased between 50% and 75%. The mean disc herniation dimensions decrease was 40% in 9 patients. Comparison of initial MRI with follow-up MRI showed that 4 of the herniations diameter decreased between 1% and 25%, 2 decreased between 26% and 50%, 3 decreased between 50% and 75%. The mean disc herniation diameter decrease was 36% in 9 patients.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2014

To stop a high speed train running at the speed of 300 km/h, the disc brake for the train should be able to dissipate enormous kinetic energy of the train into frictional heat energy. Sintered pin-type metals are mostly used for friction materials of high speed brake pads. A pad comprises several friction pins, and the topology, length, flexibility, composition, etc. have a great influence on the tribological properties of the disc brake. In this study, the topology of the friction pins in a pad was our main concern. We presented the optimization of the topology of a railcar brake pad with nine-pin-type friction materials by thermo-mechanical contact analysis. We modeled the brake pad with/without a back plate. To simulate a continuous braking, the pad or friction materials were rotated at constant velocity on the friction surface of the disc. We varied the positions of the nine friction materials to compare the temperature distributions on the disc surface. In a non-optimized brake pad, the distance between two neighboring friction materials in the radial direction from the rotational center of the disc was not equal. In an optimized pad, the distance between two neighboring friction materials in the radial direction was equal. The temperature distribution on the disc surface fluctuated more for the former than the latter. Optimizing the pad reduced the maximum temperature of the brake disc by more than 10%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.141-152
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• 2017

The lumbar disc is one of the first parts of the human body to age. Female discs start to age at twenty and completely age between fifty and sixty. The number of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc patients is increasing rapidly; however, studies on protective inner wear are insufficient. This study develops protective inner wear equipment for bodies. The following were the study methods and procedures. First, the protective design, pattern and making of the inner wear were based on the analysis of collected data. Second, one subject was selected, then human body parts were measured to create the inner protective pattern. The inner pattern was made by the basic size of the subject. The inner protective equipment was made for lumbar disc disease patients after a wearing test and after correcting the pattern. Third, inner protective equipment was thoroughly tested to verify the compatibility of lumbar pads. The following were the study results and observations. First, lumbar pads who had inner protection were easily worn and the design was very ladyish in contrast to other lumbar pads on the market. Second, the pattern was completed by referring to, Lee Hyoung Sook's, torso and her lumbar pad shape. The fabric was mesh (for good ventilation) and poly spandex (for elasticity). Third, lumbar inner protective equipment was verified through a subject assessment and a major assessment. This study showed high scores on appearance and functional satisfaction versus existing disc lumbar pads in the market. This study predicts that new waist protective inner wear can help the female patient's health and social life because it has great functionality and can maintain outer line patterns.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.321-331
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• 2013

This paper describes the evaluation of shield TBM disc cutter penetration depth in practice. In this study the disc cutter penetration depth used to design the excavation speed of tunnel is reviewed. The characteristics of ground encountered in the investigation site are analysed and evaluated. The shield TBM used in the field is reviewed to verify the applicability of machine in the site. The thrust and torque capacities of each TBM disc cutter are also evaluated. Based on the field data, the excavation volume and speed are re-analysed to evaluate the disc cutter penetration depth used in the design stage. It is clearly found that the design value of disc cutter penetration depth needs to modify when estimation of the TBM capacities in very hard rock formation ($S_c$ >150 MPa).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1340-1344
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• 2000

Objective : A prospective biochemical assay of prostaglandin $E_2$ content in symptomatic lumbar disc materials was done in order to clarify the pathogenesis of lumbar radiculopathy. Patients and Methods : Forty-eight disc specimens were purified by a standard solid-phase extraction procedure and analyzed by an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for prostaglandin $E_2$. Clinical and anatomic correlations were evaluated with analysis of variance and t-test. Results : Acute herniated lumbar disc diseases tended to be associated with a higher prostaglandin $E_2$ content than degenerative lumbar disc disease. Sequestered discs tended to be associated with a higher prostaglandin $E_2$ content than extruded discs, which also showed higher prostaglandin $E_2$ content than protruded ones. A sciatica and positive straight leg raising test appeared to be associated with a higher prostaglandin $E_2$ content than a negative test. Conclusion : This result suggests that the level of prostaglandin $E_2$ would be correlated with clinical symptom and sign in the inflammatory process of lumbar disc herniation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

Objective : We analyzed the clinical and radiologic features of posterior apophyseal ring separation (PARS) with lumbar disc herniation and suggest the proper management options according to the PARS characteristics. Methods : We reviewed case series of patients with PARS who underwent surgery of lumbar disc herniation. Preoperative symptoms, neurologic status, Body Mass Index, preoperative and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Korean-Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI) scores, operation types were obtained. PARS size, locations, the degree of resection were assessed. Results : PARS was diagnosed in 109 (7.5%) patients among 1448 patients given surgical treatment for single level lumbar disc herniation. There were 55 (50.5%) small PARS and 54 (49.5%) large PARS. Among the large PARS group, 15 (27.8%) had lower endplate PARS of upper vertebra at the level of disc herniation. Thirty-nine (72.2%) were upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra. Among the group with upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra, unresected PARS was diagnosed in 12 (30.8%) cases and resected PARS was diagnosed in 27 (69.2%) cases. VAS and K-ODI scores changes were $3.6{\pm}2.9$ and $5.4{\pm}6.4$ in the unresected PARS group, $5.8{\pm}2.1$ and $11.3{\pm}7.1$ in the resected PARS group. The group with upper endplate PARS of lower vertebra showed significant difference of VAS (p=0.01) and K-ODI (p=0.013) score changes between unresected and resected PARS groups. Conclusion : The large PARS of upper endplate in lower vertebra should be removed during the surgery of lumbar disc herniation. High level or bilateral side of PARS should be widely decompressed and arthrodesis procedures are necessary if there is a possibility of secondary instability.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.477-487
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to assess the thermographic differences of craniomandibular area between normal individual and patients with craniomandibular disorders and to compare the differences between clinical and thermographical assessment. The author had used 50 subjects as materials for this study, which was divided into 2 groups (first group included 15 healthy subjects and second group included 35 patients) with craiomandibular disorders; 17 subjects had normal disc-condyle relationship, 13 subjects had disc displacement with reduction and 5 subjects had disc displacement without reduction. Agema 870 thermovision(D.I.T.I.) was used to take thermographs with $0.1^{\circ}C$ difference of gradual temperature shift. The results were as follows : 1. Of 34 patients with craniofacial pain, 15(44%) subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site in the thermography, 8(23.5%)exhibited hyperthermia on the site opposed to the pain site, and 11(32.4%) did not show any significant thermal change. One patient without craniofacial pain showed hyperthermia on the site opposed to the site of disc displacement without reductin. 2. Of 35 patients with craniofacial pain or disc displacement, 24(68.6%) subjects showed a significant thermal difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides of the face, but 11(31.4%) did not show any difference. 3. Of 17 patients with pain but with normal disc-condyle relationship, 8(47.1 subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site, 4(23.5%) showed on the site opposed to the pain site, and 5(29.4%) did not show any significant thermal change. 4. Or 13 patients with pain and disc displacement with reduction, 6(46.2%) subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site, 3(23.1%) showed on the site opposed to the pain site, and 4(30.8%) did not show any significant thermal change. 5. 15 healthy subjects did not show any thermal differences between the both sides of the face.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study is to research current trends of acupuncture treatment of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc using the PubMed database. Methods We set up the search strategy and investigated clinical trials on acupuncture treatment of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc through PubMed search. This study analyzed previous researched papers published from January 1st, 2000 to April 30th, 2014, and classified them by publication year, journal names, types of literature, treatment methods and evaluation scales. To assess the quality of the reviewed literature, randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies were assessed by Cochrane's risk of bias (ROB) tool and non-RCT studies were assessed by risk of bias for non-randomized studies (RoBANS). Results We found 35 studies on the acupuncture treatment of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc. Papers on this topic have been published, on average, three to four times annually in 9 journals since the mid-2000's. The journal with the largest number of publications was Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion, and most of articles were classified as RCT. Acupuncture treatment was performed individually or together with other treatments. The most frequently used pain evaluation index was visual analogue scale (VAS). The index of effective rate was used frequently but there was a lack of objectivity. In regards to the quality of the studies, outcome assessment in RCT showed that random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and the blinding of participants and personnel increase potential of risk of bias. For non-RCT assessment, outcome showed that confounding variable, measurement of intervention were at high risk of bias. Conclusions In order to obtain objective clinical evidence of acupuncture treatment of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc, further clinical studies should be designed to minimize the risk of bias, using STRICTA with larger sample sizes.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.256-263
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• 2002

Objective : This study is to report the radiological change after bee venom therapy about the patient of sequestrated disc. Methods : there was a report that the bee venom therapy was effective treatment on the patient of extruded or sequestrated disc. So we treated the patient who was diagnosed as sequestrated disc and hospitalized, and investigated the change of DITI, simple X-rays and MRI before and after treatment. Results : There was remarkable improvement in condition of the patient who had extruded or sequestrated disc after treated by bee venom therapy. It showed that the region of sequestrated L4-5 dise remarkably decreased in MRI, degree of scoliosis decreased from 17 degree to 15 degree in simple X-ray and the difference of right and left became equal in DITI through the follow-up survey. Conclusions : There was reports that bee venom therapy had antinflammatory and antalgic effect and was effective in treating patient of sequestrated disc and in curing pain, functional disorder, and clinical symptom of HIVD patients by means of grade index of lumbago. We think that the result of this study will be supporting data (that will be able to) proves more objectively the change following the improvement of condition with radiological check.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.95-102
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• 2009

Purpose: This study evaluates MCP-1 expression in the dorsal horn of a rat model of lumbar disc herniation by an autograft of the nucleus pulposus to the spinal nerve. Methods: After a coccygeal nucleus pulposus graft to the left $5^{th}$ lumbar spinal nerve, proximal to dorsal root ganglion, mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed 1 day before surgery, and 1, 10, 20, 30 days after surgery. The mRNA of MCP-1 in the dorsal horn was assessed by real time PCR to compare the temporal pattern of neuropathic pain of the lumbar disc herniation model. Results: In the ipsilateral side of the lumbar disc herniation models, mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia reached a maximum at 10 days after surgery with significant difference from the control group. Pain was also provoked in the contralateral side of the lumbar disc herniation models with less intensity than the ipsilateral side. The level of MCP-1 mRNA expression in the dorsal horn reached a peak at 20 days after surgery. Conclusion: Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia was induced by nucleus pulposus in a rat lumbar disc herniation model, similar to a previously reported peripheral nerve injury model. The level of MCP-1 expression was higher in the dorsal horn of the ipsilateral and contralateral sides. These results suggest that MCP-1 might play a role in the maintenance of neuropathic pain.