• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 1984

The metacercariae of Echinostoma cineterchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were found infected in the loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) purchased from two local markets in Korea. Identification of the metacercariae was done after obtaining adult worms from experimentally infected albino rats. Brief course of worm development in rats was also observed up to 28th post-infection day. The results are as follows: 1. The metacercariae of E. cinetorchis were detected from 5 (10.9%) out of 46 loaches examined and the average metacercarial burden per infected loach was 34.4. They were always found from the posterior abdominal wall. 2. The worm recovery rate from 8 rats was 24.6% in average. It was observed that the rate decreased according to age of infection; from 40.7% after 6 days to 15.0% after 28 days. 3. The adult worms were morphologically characterized by the presence of head crown with derfally uninterrupted collar spines, 37-38 in number, and the tendency of migration or disappearance of testes. So that they were identified as Echinostoma cinetorchis Ando et Ozaki, 1923. 4. The development of worm was very rapid during 6-10 days after infection and became much slower thereafter. During the rapid worm growth the development of genital organs was more prominent than that of non-genital organs. From the results it is concluded that the loach is involved in the life cycle of E. cinetorchis in this country and may take a role for infection source to animals and man. It is also confirmed that migration or loss of testes is the distinct specific character of this echinostomatid fluke.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.445-455
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• 1989

The proteins of the ruminant erythrocyte membranes were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and their relations to the slow erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) of the ruminants were investigated by treating the erythrocytes with proteinases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin and pronase, and glycosidases such as neuraminidase and galactosidase. Protein content in the erythrocyte membrane was $2.85{\pm}0.28$ in human, $3.60{\pm}0.41$ in Korean cattle, $3.71{\pm}0.36$ in Holstein, $4.13{\pm}0.83$ in Korean native goat and $3.94{\pm}0.56mg/ml$ in sheep, showing higher in ruminant animals than in human(p<0.01). Although the general protein profiles of the ruminant erythrocyte membranes were almost similar to that of human, all the ruminant erythrocyte membranes showed one additional protein band, called band-Q in the previous report on proteins of bovine erythrocyte membrane, which migrated electrophoretically to the mid position between band-2 and band-3 in human erythrocyte membranes. The glycoprotein profiles of ruminant erythrocyte membranes revealed by periodic acid Schiff(PAS) stain showed a marked difference from that of human. The PAS-1(glycophorin) and PAS-2(sialoglycogrotein) present in human erythrocyte membranes were almost absent from the ruminant animals. Instead, a strong PAS-positive band near the origin of the electrophorograms, which was named as PAS-B in the previous report on proteins of bovine erythrocyte membranes, was shown in the ruminant animals except sheep. In addition, the erythrocyte membranes of Korean native goat and sheep showed a moderate PAS-negative band near the tracking dye of the electrophorograms, which was named as PAS-G in this study. In the erythrocyte treated with the enzymes, the migration of each protein fracture of erythrocyte membranes in response to each enzyme was diverse according to different species or breed of ruminant animals. Among others, band-Q present in ruminants was slightly or moderately decreased by trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, and pronase- treatments of the erythrocytes, but not only in sheep. It was particularly noticeable that PAS-B, a fraction of glycoprotein, present in ruminants except sheep, was better digested by proteinases than by glycosidases, showing remarkable increase(p<0.01) of the ESR in accord with complete digestion(disappearance) of the PAS-B band by pronase, trypsin or chymotrypsin treatment of erythrocytes. In sheep, there was almost no any response to the various enzymes in general protein and glycoprotein profiles of the erythrocyte membranes except PAS-G, which was markedly decreased by pronase treatment of the erythrocytes. Nevertheless, the ESRs were accelerated in erythrocytes treated with pronase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and neuraminidase. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was increased in erythrocytes treated with only pronase among five enzymes in all the human and ruminant animals used in this study.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.363-370
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• 2007

In order to identify probiotic microorganisms, 25 isolates of Lactobacillus sp. were selected from kimchi based on their growth rates, lactic acid production and salt tolerance. The isolate JK-01 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by the API kit and 16S rDNA analysis (99.9% of homology), and named as L. plantarum JK-01. The maximum number of L. plantarum JK-01 was reached at 18 hr fermentation in MRS broth and the pH gradually decreased to 4.5. L. plantarum JK-01 showed high enzyme activities for xylanase, amylase, protease, and phytase on MRS agar plates containing each substrate. L. plantarum JK-01 showed high resistance to acidic pH and bile salts, and grew well even at pH 2.0 and 1.0% bile salt. In particular, L. plantarum JK-01 showed high heat stability as shown by $3.3{\times}10^3$ CFU/mL at $60^{\circ}C$. The isolate showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against E. coli in MRS broth based on its disappearance after 18 hr and clear zone formation using a paper disk assay. These results suggest that L. plantarum JK-01 may be probiotic in nature.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 1994

Superior vena cava(SVC) syndrome is mostly related to a malignant process, but many different benign causes have also been described. We report a case of SVC syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumonia diagnosed by sputum culture and serial chest X-ray changes. A 27-year-old man had been in stable health until three days before admission, when he complained of pleuritic chest pain, facial flushing, and shortness of breath. Examination of the head and neck disclosed edema of face and both arms, and jugular venous distention to the angle of the jaw. The chest auscultation revealed decreased breath sound without crack1e on right upper lung field. The chest roentgenogram showed homogenous air space consolidation on right upper lobe, asociated with downward displacement of minor fissure and contralateral displacement of trachea, but air bronchogram was not seen. We began antibiotic therapy under impression of pneumonia after available culture was taken from blood and sputum. SVC scintigraphy showed stasis of drain of right brachiocephalic vein at the proximal portion with reflux into the right internal jugular vein and faintly visible SVC via the collaterals. Sputum culture revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotic therapy resulted in a cure of infection and disappearance of facial swelling. Follow-up SVC scintigraphy after 20 days showed normal finding. We first report a case of SVC syndrome caused by klebsiella pneunonia.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.111-119
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and the pattern of regimens prescribed for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease in a regional community hospital. 226 patients were treated as an outpatient and followed for one year. 88 patients $(38.9\%)$ had gastric ulcer (GU) alone, 6 patients $(2.7\%)$ had duodenal ulcer (DV) alone, 5 patients $(2.2\%)$ had gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) alone, 25 patients $(11.1\%)$ had both GU and DU, 88 patients $(38.9\%)$ had both GU and GERD, and 14 patients $(6.2\%)$ had both DU and GERD. During this study period no one was treated for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. The disease showed higher occurrence in male population (139 patients, $61.5\%$) and among the ages of 30 and 40 $(62.4\%)$. The average age of these patients was 41.3 years and there was no difference between the genders. $81.4\%$ of these patients underwent CLO test to check for the existence of Helicobacter and $66.3\%$ of these Patients showed the positive response. $65.6\%$ of patients with GU and $80\%$ of patients with DU showed the positive response and there was no difference between the genders $(65.4\%\;vs.\;67.6\%)$. 184 patients $(81.4\%)$ were deemed to be cured based on the disappearance of their symptoms after completing the regimens. Compliance rate did not differ for gender or different diseases, while showing a difference in age. Patients between the ages of 20 to 30 years old showed the worst compliance rate. In addition, the compliance was lower among the patients who had previous occurrence of the disease, and this was more evident among female patients. Although 184 patients out of the total 226 patients were deemed to be cured, 36 patients $(20.65\%)$ of these returned to the hospital for relapsed diseases within one year. The factors that affected for patients to relapse were the diseases accompanied by ulcer and social environments, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and previous history of the diseases (smoking P<0.001, alcohol consumption P<0.02, previous history of disease P<0.05). The regimen using $H_2$ receptor antagonists+tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate+clarithromycin showed the lower rate of relapse, and the regimens of omeprazole (OMP)+amoxicillin+tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate and OMP+amoxicillin+metronidazole showed better compliance rate. Patient education by pharmacists on the importance of compliance to regimens and the risk factors fer relapse can provide a better patient care. This would ultimately result in more cost-effective treatments by preventing additional cost for treating relapsed symptoms in approximately $20\%$ of patients.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.2 s.302
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• pp.69-80
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• 2005

In these days, the technology development of the imaging/optic industry and the digital broadcasting replace the classic CRT with the new display devices that is getting slimmer and larger. Especially, when the general TV signal is applied directly to the wide gamut display using LED or laser, which can display higher chromatic colors that can't be reproduced on CRT, the color distortion occurs and it causes serious problems. Thus, in this paper the gamut mapping is studied, which gets rids of the color distortion and utilizes the wider color gamut than that of the CRT sufficiently. In the gamut mapping the general mapping concept is the increasement of the chroma on the same hue plane but it causes the over chromatic enhancement. So, the vector mapping, which increases the lightness md the chroma at the same time, is proposed to prevent the side effect. In the vector mapping the chromaticity is maintained constantly, hence the image can be seen more natural than that of the chroma mapping. By using the gamut fitting, it is compensated that the tone disappearance or the contour effect that is arose from the geometric properties of the input and the output color gamut. These gamut mapping and gamut fitting can prevent the color distortion and reproduce the natural image on the wide gamut displays.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1280-1286
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• 2016

This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of medicinal herb extracts (MHEs) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and the inhibition of protozoa to reduce methane production in the rumen. A fistulated Hanwoo was used as a donor of rumen fluid. The MHEs (T1, Veratrum patulum; T2, Iris ensata var. spontanea; T3, Arisaema ringens; T4, Carduus crispus; T5, Pueraria thunbergiana) were added to the in vitro fermentation bottles containing the rumen fluid and medium. Total volatile fatty acid (tVFA), total gas production, gas profiles, and the ruminal microbe communities were measured. The tVFA concentration was increased or decreased as compared to the control, and there was a significant (p<0.05) difference after 24 h incubation. pH and ruminal disappearance of dry matter did not show significant difference. As the in vitro ruminal fermentation progressed, total gas production in added MHEs was increased, while the methane production was decreased compared to the control. In particular, Arisaema ringens extract led to decrease methane production by more than 43%. In addition, the result of real-time polymerase chain reaction indicted that the protozoa population in all added MHEs decreased more than that of the control. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that MHEs could have properties that decrease ruminal methanogenesis by inhibiting protozoa species and might be promising feed additives for ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feed types on Ochratoxin A (OTA) degradation by Korean native goats. Rumen fluid from canulated goats fed whole roughage or 50% roughage served as a source of micro-organisms. Experiments were undertaken i) to investigate OTA degradation ability in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement with different feed types (100% roughage vs. 50% roughage) and rumen fluid fractions (whole rumen fluid, cells, autoclaved rumen fluid and supernatant) supplemented with OTA ii) to evaluate OTA degradation by the rumen fluid of goats fed two different diets at different time points (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h) of feeding iii) to isolate potential rumen microorganisms and iv) to identify elements responsible for OTA degradation. Rumen fluid from goats fed 100% roughage had higher (p<0.05) OTA degradability than 50% roughage diets. OTA degradation based on rumen fluid collection times showed that rumen fluid at 0 h showed significantly higher (p<0.05) degradability. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) enzyme has been reported to be responsible for OTA degradation. Thus, using real time PCR, primers designed to target the CPA gene from Bacillus licheniformis could be amplified using genomic DNA from rumen fluid of goats and sequenced, thus enabling evaluation of the Bacillus population under different feeding condition and times. Our findings showed that the Bacillus population was significantly higher (p<0.05) before feeding (0 h) in animals which were fed a whole roughage diet, giving indirect evidence of OTA degradation being influenced by Bacillus sps. Thus, it can be concluded that OTA degradability is influenced by feed, feeding time and Bacillus licheniformis population.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.541-546
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• 2020

The surveillance radar for naval ships is an essential equipment of a battle system that executes the detection and tracking of targets, and the shooting support function; it calculates the three-dimensional track of the target range, azimuth, and altitude to carry out its duty. The surveillance radar consists of an antenna, a transceiver, a processing unit, and an air dryer section. The radar radiates the transmission signal on the antenna section, receives the reflected signal from the target, and amplifies the signals on the transceiver section. The signal received from the antenna is used to provide the operator with target information in various ways. This study identified the display problems when the information about the target is displayed through the radar. The causes of the problems were analyzed and improved. The tracking disappearance phenomenon caused by the altered-course of the ship was improved on the TWS tracking algorithm. The validity of the improved TWS tracking algorithm was confirmed by the normal condition of the target status on the B-scope.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.966-972
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• 2005

A study to compare the effects of supplementing Delonix elata, Grewia similis, Tamarindus indica and sunflower seed cake on intake and growth rate of dual-purpose goats fed low quality Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) hay was carried out. Twenty-eight male goats aged five to seven months (mean weight 12.93${\pm}$3.94 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary groups in a completely randomised design. The diets were hay plus Grewia similis, hay plus Delonix elata, hay plus Tamarindus indica and hay plus sunflower seed cake. All diets were supplemented with maize bran. The experimental period was 90 days. Voluntary dry matter intake of the supplements was higher for Tamarindus indica (275.5 g/day) and Grewia similis (201.8 g/day) and lowest for sunflower seed cake (81g/day). Goats supplemented with Grewia similis had the highest hay intake (183.8 g/day) while those supplemented with sunflower seed cake had the lowest hay intake (98.9 g/day). Animals fed browse supplements gained significantly more weight (p<0.001) than those with sunflower seed cake. There were no significant differences in live weight change between goats fed the different browses. However, those fed Tamarindus indica gained an average of 20.79 g/d which was slightly higher than the gains for those on Grewia similis and Delonix elata while those fed sunflower seed cake lost weight. Correspondingly, goats supplemented with browse leaf meals had higher feed conversion ratios than those supplemented with sunflower seed cake and required 23.91 to 35.06 g DM of feed to produce one g of weight gain per day. In a separate study, the DM disappearance pattern indicated that Grewia similis and Delonix elata were highly degradable compared to Tamarindus indica. At 24 h of incubation, DM degradability was 627, 588 and 345 g/kg DM for Grewia similis, Delonix elata and Tamarindus indica, respectively. In another study in vivo DM digestibility ranged from 46.1% (for hay alone) to 56.2% (for hay plus Grewia similis). It was concluded that the addition of Tamarindus indica, Grewia similis and Delonix elata leaf meals to Cenchrus ciliaris hay resulted in increased total DM intake, in vivo digestibility and growth rate. Therefore, leaf meals of indigenous browses particularly Tamarindus indica and Grewia similis could be used as supplementary feeds for small ruminants grazing on poor quality roughages during the dry season rather than use of expensive, less effective and intermittently available sunflower seed cake.