• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.939-963
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• 2016

According to the new directives about the rational and efficient use of energy, thermal bridges in buildings have to be avoided, and the thermal insulation (TI) layer should run without interruptions all around the building - even under its foundations. The paper deals with the seismic response of multi-storeyed reinforced concrete (RC) frame building structures founded on an extruded polystyrene (XPS) layer placed beneath the foundation slab. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the problem of buildings founded on a TI layer from the seismic resistance point of view, to assess the seismic behaviour of such buildings, and to search for the critical parameters which can affect the structural and XPS layer response. Nonlinear dynamic and static analyses were performed, and the seismic response of fixed-base (FB) and thermally insulated (TI) variants of nonlinear RC building models were compared. Soil-structure interaction was also taken into account for different types of soil. The results showed that the use of a TI layer beneath the foundation slab of a superstructure generally induces a higher peak response compared to that of a corresponding system without TI beneath the foundation slab. In the case of stiff structures located on firm soil, amplification of the response might be substantial and could result in exceedance of the superstructure's moment-rotation plastic hinge capacities or allowable lateral roof and interstorey drift displacements. In the case of heavier, slenderer, and higher buildings subjected to stronger seismic excitations, the overall response is governed by the rocking mode of oscillation, and as a consequence the compressive strength of the XPS could be insufficient. On the other hand, in the case of low-rise and light-weight buildings, the friction capacity between the layers of the applied TI foundation set might be exceeded so that sliding could occur.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2010

The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) was transposed into Irish law by Statutory Instrument Nos. 722 of 2003, 413 of 2005 and 218 of 2009, which set out a new strategy and process to protect and enhance Ireland's water resources and water-dependent ecosystems. The Directive requires a novel, holistic, integrated, and iterative process to address Ireland's natural waters based on a series of six-year planning cycles. Key success factors in implementing the Directive include an in-depth and balanced treatment of the ecological, economic, institutional and cultural aspects of river basin management planning. Introducing this visionary discipline for the management of sustainable water resources requires a solemn commitment to a new mindset and an overarching monitoring and management regime which hitherto has never been attempted in Ireland. The WFD must be implemented in conjunction with a myriad of complimentary directives and associated legislation, addressing such key related topics as flood/drought management, biodiversity protection, land use planning, and water/wastewater and diffuse pollution engineering and regulation. The critical steps identified for river basin management planning under the WFD include: 1) characterization and classification of water bodies (i.e., how healthy are Irish waters?), 2) definition of significant water pressures (e.g., agriculture, forestry, septic tanks), 3) enhancement of measures for designated protected areas, 4) establishment of objectives for all surface and ground waters, and 5) integrating these critical steps into a comprehensive and coherent river basin management plan and associated programme of measures. A parallel WFD implementation programme critically depends on an effective environmental management system (EMS) approach with a plan-do-check-act cycle applied to each of the evolving six-year plans. The proactive involvement of stakeholders and the general public is a key element of this EMS approach.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.689-692
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• 2015

That induced voltage by an electrified railway line is related with the position of telecommunication line between traction power feeding systems is practically varified by measurements in the real field. This experimented fact is conformed with the calculated simulation provided by the ITU-T Directives concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines. Therefore it is needed to consider at what position a telecommunication line is parallelized with power feeding line of traction system when an induction phenomenon is evaluated or measurement is carried out besides the length of parallelization and the separate distance between power line and telecommunication line.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2020

Purpose : This integrative review aimed to synthesize studies on intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' attitude, perceptions, and experiences toward end-of-life care decision-making. Methods : Using Whittermore and Knafl (2005)'s methods, we identified and synthesized research articles published in domestic journals between the years 2003 and 2019 and evaluated the quality of selected articles using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results : In the 13 studies reviewed, 12 were published prior to enactment of the "The Act for Hospice and Palliative Care and Decision-Making about Life-Sustaining Treatment (2018)." All nine quantitative studies identified were based on cross-sectional descriptive survey. In four qualitative studies, content analysis (n=2) and phenomenology (n=2) were used. Overall, ICU nurses were well-aware of the necessity of communicating and limiting life-sustaining treatments. Many ICU nurses had positive attitude towards limiting life-sustaining treatments to promote patients' comfort and dignity. Although nurses were willing to take active roles, they also reported having experienced high stress in the process of decision-making and implementation. Conclusions : It is important to prepare ICU nurses with proper knowledge and attitude regarding the topic area. It is also equally important to develop systems to support nurses' emotional stress and moral distress during communication, decision-making, and implementation.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.367-375
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• 2005

This study investigated the purpose and role of class evaluation standards and the reason to develop these teaching standards using literature review, survey, classroom observation and teacher interviews. Based on the teachers’opinion, we also investigated who should develop teaching standards and who will benefit most from the standards. In sum, the standards for teaching evaluation should help to form (a) the guidelines for beginners, (b) the directives for specialists, (c) the principles for grasping areas for improvements, and (d) the means for communicating with other communities. In addition, teachers should take responsibility for developing teaching standards as the basis for evaluating their own work and improving their own professional learning to provide quality assurance. The development of subject specific teaching standards is not possible without active participation of teachers as well as other stakeholders in education.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.567-569
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• 2012

An inducing current of power feeding line of high-speed railway system is varied by a relative position of telecommunication cable to the feeding line between plants. An analytical calculation formula of this inducing current is described in ITU-T Directives using multiconductor line method or two line method. In this paper, using the two line method, a variation characteristic of inducing current is simulated. The inducing current has a characteristic of hyperbolic function which is a symmetric shape of curve in the range between power feeding plants. This basic variation property can be considered when a power induction protection measure is planned.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-155
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• 2012

This study was to investigate the understand learning motivation, self-directed learning ability and problem solving process of fundamentals of nursing course using role play in evaluating the course. The subjects were 289 nursing students in year 1 in J college taking fundamental nursing practice course from Nov. 22 to Dec. 10. 2010. After setting hospital context and preparing scenario with patient and nurse roles, the evaluation of fundamentals of nursing practice was performed. For learning motivation and self-directed learning ability, there were significant differences by application motivation, a group intending further study and a group positive in role play evaluation. For problem solving process, there were significant differences in male group and a group positive in role play evaluation. Learning motivation had significant positive correlation between self-directed learning ability and between self-directed learning ability and problem solving process. This evaluation had correlation between learning motivation, self-directed learning ability and problem solving process.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.301-305
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• 2008

Races must be detected for debugging OpenMP programs with directives, because they may cause unintended nondeterministic results of programs. Intel Thread Checker, an existing tool that can detects races, can not verify the existence of races and is often time-consuming and tends to require large space. To solve these problems, we developed a tool that verifies the existence of races using user requirements and analyzed model of programs. However, the tool does not have optimal performance in programs which have no synchronization for interthread coordination. This paper presents an optimal tool that applies the optimum labeling and protocol for program models without interthread coordination. For synthetic programs without interthread synchronization, the tool verifies races over 250 times faster than the previous tool on the average, even if the maximum parallelism increases in every case of which the number of total accesses are identical.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2015

Objectives: The major objectives of this study are to review the EU CLP Regulations to propose ways of improving the reliability of MSDS and labels. Methods: To review the EU CLP Regulations, we used EU documents including directives and regulations on chemical management. In addition, we used EU governmental agency reports to illuminate the history and background of the CLP. We found the EU CLP's instruments for reliable hazard communication and evaluated the operations of the instruments. Results: EU CLP Regulations have four instruments for the EU CLP Regulations to make hazard communication reliable. These instruments are GHS, the harmonized CMR and respiratory sensitive substances classification list, C&L inventory and restriction of trade secrets. These are highly useful for achieving the objectives of REACH and CLP(no data-no market and changing the burden of proof). Conclusions: Changing the burden of proof is a key principle for achieving a society safe from hazardous chemicals. Chemical manufacturers and importers alone should bear the responsibility for reliable MSDS. We recommend benchmarking the EU CLP Regulations in order to change efficiently the burden of proof. Trade secrets should be limited to low-hazard substances and be approved by the government before the chemical product is on the market. Like the C&L inventory, chemical product information including substances identification and hazard properties should be notified, aggregated and be opened to public on the Internet. Finally, we recommend a MSDS registration system once again.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.97-109
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• 2012

In this study this writer carried out survey and analysis on paving materials of children's playground for 40 apartment buildings with each of such apartment containing 100 households or more and which were built within last 15 years in Jeonju. As a result of analysis of such questionnaires this author could draw following conclusion. In the second half of 1990s pavement materials which were used mainly were sand and during first half of 2000s they were mixture of sand and rubber block and around 2010 they were rubber block or rubber chip pavements. Such change seemed to be a result of consideration of convenience for management and safety rather than in deference to diversity of children's outing places. Survey on the current status of pavement materials revealed need for directives by the main entity for management and their firm resolve for its implementation. And there was need for their coping with problems such as pressure of treading or lack of it or poor condition of drainage in case of sand and phenomena of pitting or dipping down, discoloring and poor drainage in case of rubber chips and rubber blocks and loosening of gaps between rubber blocks etc. Result of analysing status of usage disclosed that 50.4% of the respondents to questionnaires stated that they had experience of accidents. With regard to cause of such accident it was found that 47.5% of accidents were attributable to play facilities and 19.5% were due to paving (floor) materials thus it was disclosed that not only play facilities but also pavement materials had impact on safety for the children. Result of analysing level of satisfaction with pavement materials showed that pavement by rubber chips and blocks had higher level of satisfaction which was reflection of fear on cleanness of sand. In terms of preference rubber chip and rubber block pavements were highest and the next one was sand. Reason for such preference was based on concern with safety.