• PNF and Movement
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of direct and indirect methods of contract-relax techniques in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching for improving hamstring flexibility. Methods: Twenty-six subjects were randomly assigned to either a direct contract-relax technique group or an indirect contract-relax group. For each group, stretching intervention was performed three times a week for a period of two weeks, with 12 seconds for the contraction and 10 seconds for the relaxation per once. The direct contract-relax technique for hamstring flexibility was applied by asking the subject to press down on the shoulder of the trainer in the straight leg-raising position. Conversely, the indirect contract-relax technique was performed by raising the leg with resistance. To facilitate a comparative analysis of hamstring flexibility between the two groups before and after the stretching intervention, two-way repeated ANOVA was performed. Hamstring flexibility for each group was measured using a passive straight leg-raising test. Results: The results showed significant improvement in hamstring flexibility for all subjects in the two groups. However, there was no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, both direct and indirect contract-relax techniques are confirmed to be useful for improving hamstring flexibility. The choice of suitable technique has to be made individually according to the condition of each subject.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

목 적: 유방 부분 절제술 후 방사선 치료 시 기존의 라이낙을 이용한 치료기법과 비교하여 TOMO Direct를 이용한 접선 치료 기법의 임상적 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 유방 부분 절제술 후 방사선 치료를 받은 좌측 유방암 환자 3명을 대상으로 라이낙을 이용한 쐐기 접선 조사 기법(Wedged tangential fields technique)과 조사면 내 선량 보강 기법(Field In Field technique, FIF), TOMO Direct, TOMO Direct 세기 변조 방사선 치료(Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, IMRT)기법을 이용하여 동일한 처방 조건(CTV 내 $D_{90%}$: 50.4 Gy/28 fx)으로 치료계획을 수립하였다. 선량 분석을 위해 선량 체적 히스토그램(Dose Volume Histogram, DVH)과 등선량 곡선 (Isodose curve)을 이용하여 종양 내 표적체적(Clinical Target Volume, CTV)과 손상위험장기(Organ At Risk, OAR)에 대한 선량을 비교분석 하였다. 표적체적의 선량 인자로는 $D_{99}$, $D_{95}$, 선량 균일 지수(Dose homogeneity index, DHI: $D_{10}/D_{90}$)와 $V_{105}$, $V_{110}$을 손상위험장기의 선량 인자로는 심장의 $V_{10}$, $V_{20}$, $V_{30}$, $V_{40}$과 좌측 폐의 $V_{10}$, $V_{20}$, $V_{30}$을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 표적체적의 선량 분석 결과로 $D_{99}$, $D_{95}$의 평균값은 각각 쐐기 접선 조사(W)에서 $47.7{\pm}1.1Gy$, $49.4{\pm}0.1Gy$이었으며, 조사면 내 선량 보강 기법(F)은 각각 $47.1{\pm}0.6Gy$, $49.2{\pm}0.4Gy$, 그리고 TOMO Direct(D)와 TOMO Direct IMRT(I)에서는 각각 $49.2{\pm}0.4$ vs. $48.6{\pm}0.8Gy$, $49.9{\pm}0.4$ vs. $49.5{\pm}0.3Gy$이었다. 선량 균일 지수의 평균값은 W: $1.1{\pm}0.02$, F: $1.07{\pm}0.02$, D: $1.03{\pm}0.001$, I: $1.05{\pm}0.02$이었다. 각각의 치료 기법으로 $V_{105}$, $V_{110}$의 평균값을 비교하였을 때 쐐기 접선 조사 시 각각 $34.6{\pm}9.3%$, $7.5{\pm}7.9%$로 가장 높았고 조사면 내 선량 보강 기법은 $16.5{\pm}14.8%$, $2.1{\pm}3.5%$로, TOMO direct IMRT는 $7.5{\pm}8.3%$, $0.1{\pm}0.1%$로 낮아졌으며 TOMO direct에서는 두 값 모두 0%로 나타났다. 손상 위험 장기에 대한 선량 분석 결과 각각의 치료 기법 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론: TOMO Direct를 이용한 접선 조사 기법은 기존의 쐐기 접선 치료 기법보다 치료 용적 내에 균일한 선량분포를 얻을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 IMRT 또는 Tomotherapy와 달리 정상조직의 저 선량 영역의 노출용적을 증가시키지 않았으며 조사면 내선량 보강 기법 보다 용이한 치료계획 절차를 수행하므로 유방 부분 절제술 후 방사선 치료 시 임상적으로 유용하리라 사료된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2009

Purpose: Recently, neurostimulation studies involving manipulation of cortical excitability of the human brain have been increasingly attempted. We investigated whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the underlying cerebral cortex, directly induces cortical activation during fMRI scanning. Methods: We recently recruited five healthy subjects without a neurological or psychiatric history and who were right-handed, as verified by the modified Edinburg Handedness Inventory. fMRI was done while constant anodal tDCS was delivered to the underlying SM1 area?? immediately after the pre-stimulation for eighteen minutes. Results: Group analysis yielded an averaged map that showed that the SM1 area and the superior parietal cortex in the ipsilateral hemisphere were activated. The voxel size and peak intensity were, respectively, 82 and 5.22 in the SM1, and 85 and 5.77 in the superior parietal cortex. Conclusion: Cortical activation can be induced by constant anodal tDCS of the underlying motor cortex. This suggests that tDCS may be an effective therapeutic device for enhancing? physical motor function by modulating neural excitability of the motor cortex.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could induce more cortical activity, compared to single-hemisphere, using functional MRI (fMRI). Methods: One right-handed healthy subject was recruited. Three phases of dual-hemisphere tDCS (i.e. anodal tDCS over the left-dominant primary sensoriomotor cortex (SM1) and cathodal tDCS over the right-non dominant SM(1) were consecutively delivered on to a subject, during fMRI scanning. The voxel count and the intensity index in the averaged cortical map were analyzed among the three tDCS phases. Results: Our result showed that cortical activation was observed on all the three phases of the dual-hemisphere tDCS. Voxel count and intensity index were as following; 912 and 4.07 in the first phase, 1102 and 3.90 in the second phase, 1031 and 3.80 in the third phase. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that application of the dual-hemisphere tDCS could induce cortical activity and maintain to recruit cortical neurons. Our findings suggested that application of dual-hemisphere tDCS could produce efficiency of the ongoing tDCS effect to facilitate cortical excitability.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.328-332
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the static balance ability of patients with back pain. Methods: The subjects comprised of 30 males and females in their 20s, who were divided into two groups with and without tDCS. The balance posture ratio score was calculated to determine the changes in balance ability before and after the application of tDCS using balance equipment. A paired t-test was conducted to determine the changes over time, and an independent t-test was performed to determine the changes between the groups. The significance level was set to ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: A significant difference in the changes in the static balance ability of CTDCSG between before and after applying tDCS was observed while the subjects' eyes were open (p<0.05). A comparison between the groups after the experiments revealed significantly increased changes in CTDCSG compared to STDCSE (p<0.05). The changes in static balance ability were not significant when the subjects' eyes were closed (p>0.05). Conclusion: The application of tDCS positively changed the static balance ability of patients with back pain. The results of this study showed that tDCS could be used as an intervention to increase the static balance ability of patients with back pain in the clinical field. The study results could be used further as foundational data for future studies on tDCS.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increased brain activity on the muscle endurance and the effect of brain activation through the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise on elderly woman. Methods : To investigate the effect of the muscle endurance on right leg, muscle endurance was evaluated by measuring the surface EMG of the muscles of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscle. Results : There was a significant difference in the pre and post comparisons of muscle endurance on rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior muscle (p<.05). Difference of Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise group median frequency was smaller than control group (p<.05). There was not a significant difference in the pre and post comparisons of muscle endurance on biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscle. Difference of Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise group median frequency was showed a similar pattern. Conclusion : Through these results, It was found that increasing the brain activity by the transcranial direct current stimulation improves the exercise capacity on the elderly women. Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise maybe applied as an effective treatment for improving muscular endurance.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.135-151
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• 2009

Objectives : To survey concept, meaning, and problems of beekeeper's bee sting therapy by reviewing and summarizing outline, indications, and clinical cases of 'Research on Bee Sting Therapy' described in Monthly Yangbonggye. Methods : As a narrative review, literature researches were carried out based on 'Research on Bee Sting Therapy' in Monthly Yangbonggye in the aspects of outline, indications, and clinical cases. In the concrete, outline was just summarized and described, and indications were categorized by recent version of international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems(ICD) of WHO(World health organization), and clinical cases were collected and summarized from the viewpoint of acupoints and methods of therapy. Results : 1. Bee sting therapy is to inject venom into skin by stimulating affected lesions or acupoints on meridian with sting of bee alive for therapeutic purposes. It can be divided into two classes(direct stimulation(直針法) and indirect stimulation(拔針法)) by the differences of methods, and is different from bee venom acupuncture therapy in the aspects of the way of extraction and injection. 2. In this material, bee sting therapy has 83 indications classified into 17 of 22 chapters of ICD. Among clinical cases, cases on neoplasm, goitre, lump, and haemorrhoids by direct stimulation were especially outstanding. 3. The therapeutic acupoints selected in bee sting therapy are mainly Ashi points(阿是穴), and partly acupoints on meridian(經穴), Extra points(經外奇穴), and New points(新穴) with careful consideration of patients' condition. Conclusions : Although bee sting therapy has more or less controversial points of diagnosis, treatment, and management of side effects, it is thought that the accumulated and inherited experiences from old times can be used as meaningful material by further experimental and clinical researches.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.450-456
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• 2021

Objective: Studies confirming the lumber spine kinematics of direct or indirect segmental mobility under the application of joint mobilization, which induces passive force on the spine, are insufficient.Therefore, this study aims to obtain the underlying clinical data by identifying direct or indirect segmental mobility produced by Maitland's PA mobilization technique. Design: Randomized controlled trial design. Methods: Thirty subjects with no back pain participated in this study. X-ray testing equipment (SIG-40-525, Ecoray Inc., Korea) was used to verify the segmented movement of their lumbar. Joint mobilization was performed by physiotherapists with more than 10 years of experience in prescription therapy, and radiography was performed once without PA joint mobilization and once without the mobilization for comparing the lumbar vertebrae before and after the mobilization. The radiographs taken were analyzed using the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) program to measure the spinal displacement, intervertebral height, intervertebral angle, and lumbar lordosis angle. Results: Significant differences were observed in the lumbar displacement, intervertebral angle, and lumbar lordosis angle in all lumbar vertebrae before and after the mobilization. The intervertebral height indicated significant differences in all ventral vertebrae and only in L3-L4 and L4-L5 in dorsal vertebrae. Conclusions: This study suggests that the segmental mobility produced through indirect approaches plays an important role in inducing therapeutic effects in patients with back pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

Purpose: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a useful method for modulating the brain activity. This study compared the effect of continuous and interrupted tDCS using the change in the movement related cortical potential. Methods: Thirty healthy participants (male: 18 and female: 12) were assigned randomly to three groups; sham tDCS, continuous tDCS, which the current continuously flowed for 10 minutes, and interrupted tDCS, which the interrupted current flowed for 10 minutes (repetition: 4sec stimulation and 5sec rest) at an intensity of 1mA with anodal polarity. The effect of tDCS on the right primary motor area was measured from the movement related cortical potential (MRCP) before and after the experiment. MRCP consisted of the bereitshaftspotential (BP) and negative slope potential (NS) at Cz and C4. Results: Continuous and interrupted tDCS showed a significant difference in the changes in the BP, NS at Cz and C4 compared to the sham tDCS. However, there was no significant difference between the continuous tDCS and interrupted tDCS. Conclusion: The change in cortical activity by continuous and interrupted tDCS results from an improvement in the MRCP. An interrupted tDCS may be a safe and useful modality for stimulating the cortical region.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2024

Gene therapy involves the introduction of foreign genetic material into host tissue to alter the expression of genetic products. Gene therapy represents an opportunity to alter the course of various diseases. Hence, genetic products utilizing safe and reliable vectors with improved biotechnology will play a critical role in the treatment of various diseases in the future. This review summarizes various important vectors for gene therapy along with modern techniques for potential craniofacial regeneration using gene therapy. This review also explains current molecular approaches for the management and treatment of cancer using gene therapy. The existing literature was searched to find studies related to gene therapy and its role in craniofacial regeneration and cancer treatment. Various databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for English language articles using the keywords "gene therapy," "gene therapy in present scenario," "gene therapy in cancer," "gene therapy and vector," "gene therapy in diseases," and "gene therapy and molecular strategies."