• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-69
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• 1999

This study investigates a theoretical background to find the effects of antecedents on postpurchase dissatisfaction behavior. To test hypotheses empirically, 209 questionnaires were collected from customers of Korean retailers in Pusan. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the perceived likelihood of successful complaint, the perceived value of complaint, attitude toward complaining has a direct influence on voice. However, controllability has no significant effect on voice. Second, the controllability has a direct effect on exit but perceived value of complaint has no significant effect. Third, no variables have direct effects on negative word-of-mouth. These findings may reflect the fact that negative word-of-mouth is different from voice and exit in terms of dimensions of postpurchase dissatisfaction behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.10
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• pp.119-134
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• 2011

The present study proposes and tests an integrative model for global consumers to examine the relation among fashion marketing mix, brand attitude, brand loyalty, and purchase intention in the jeans market. The questionnaire surveys 692 consumers in the United States, China, and France. The statistical analysis methods that are used are as follows: frequency analysis, factor analysis, SEM analysis, and multi-group analysis. The results show that fashionability, perceived quality, and advertising have a direct and also a positive effect on brand attitude; however, advertising didn't have a direct effect on purchase intention. In addition, the results of the SEM analysis show that brand attitude leads to brand loyalty, while also showing a direct and indirect positive effect on purchase intention. Furthermore, the multi-group analysis reveals significant differences in SEM among countries such as the United States, China, and France.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.180-188
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of basic needs and demographic variables of adult woman on the modesty and aethetics In the selection of clothes. The results of the study were as follows: 1. There are factors which have effect on variables of need. School careers have effect on physical need. Age, marriage status and household type have effect on safty need. Native community and household type have effect on self-esteem. School career, native community, household type and frequency of contact with mass media have effects on need of self-actualizing and native community has effect on the aesthetic need. 2. Physical bleed, self-esteem, self-actualization, safety need, fiequency of contact with mass media, age, native community and income have direct effect on the modesty of clothing. 3. Aethetic and self-actualization need, frequency of contact with mass media and income have direct effect on the aethetics of clothing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.13 no.1 s.29
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of basic needs and demographic variables of adult women upon clothing values. This study was designed with causal model regrading the demographic variables as independent variable: the basic need as interventing variable: the eight clothing values as dependent variables. The major findings of this research can be summarized as following; 1. Age of women has a definite effect on marriage status, school career and income. Age has effect on marriage status in seven values except exploratory value. It has effect on school career in aethetic and political values, and it has also effect on school career and income in social and religious values. 2. Age has no significant direct effect on the basic needs. Marriage status and school career have significant direct effect on the basic needs. Marriage status has positive effect on the need for self-esteem in seven values except exploratory value. The need for self-esteem of unmarried women are stronger than that of married women. School career has negative impact on the need for safety. The women having higher school career do not have strong need for safety in aethetic and social values. 3. School career, income, needs for safety, belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualizing have significant direct effect on clothing values. School career has positive effect on aethetic and political values, and it has negative effect on religious values. Income has negative effect upon social and religious values. Need for safety has negative effect on aethetic values. Need for safety is positively related with need for belongingneses, and they have an effect on the social values. Need for self-esteem has positive effect on the aethetic and political values, and it has negative impact on theoretical, economic, social and religious values. Need for self-actualizing has positive effect on the theoretical values.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.264-268
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• 1998

The experiment was conducted to clarify irrigation requirement and percolation rate in rice paddy. The four rice cultural system of no-tin, till, transplanting, and direct seeding condition were treated in the lysimeter filled with sandy loam soil. The amounts of irrigation and soil percolation were measured daily, and irrigation requirement was estimated. The daily percolation was 19.5 l/$\textrm{m}^2$ in no-till direct seeding on flooded paddy surface, 17.4 l/$\textrm{m}^2$ in both of till-direct seeding on flooded surface and no-till transplanting, and 15.2 l/$\textrm{m}^2$ in transplanting plot. This is equivalent to 19.5, 17.4, and 15.2 mm per day, respectively. Highest irrigation requirement was 3,770 l/$\textrm{m}^2$ in no-till direct seeding plots. Others were 3,249, 2,577, and 2,321 l/$\textrm{m}^2$ in till-direct seeding, no-till transplanting and transplanting plot, respectively. The estimated irrigation requirement of no-till transplanting, till-direct seeding and no-till direct seeding was increased by 11, 37, and 59% compared to till-transplanting plot. Percolation rate of no-till transplanting, till direct seeding and no-till direct seeding was increased by 12%, 40%, and 66%, respectively compared to the till-transplanting plot. The percolation rate in paddy soil was increased greatly after reproductive stage of rice.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.439-444
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• 1998

Effects of the number of spans, orientation and latitude on the transmissivities of direct and diffuse solar radiation in multispan glasshouse were analyzed using a computer simulation model (Kim and Lee, 1997). The number of spans did not affect the transmissivity of diffuse solar radiation, ranging 60∼61%. The transmissivities of direct solar radiation were 55∼64% for E-W orientation and 47∼70% for N-S orientation in ten multispan glasshouse. There was no effect of the latitude on the transmissivity of direct solar radiation in domestic regions. Differences in the transmissivity of direct solar radiation between single-span and multispan glasshouse were significant for E-W orientation during winter season; however, those were relatively small for N-S orientation throughout the year. Transmissivity of direct solar radiation decreased with the increasing number of spans for E-W glasshouse, whereas those for N-S glasshouse was hardly affected by the number of spans.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.22
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• pp.377-401
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• 2011

Major news organizations in Korea are often accused of intentionally conspiring to advance conservative agendas under the disguise of unbiased reporting. Critics suspect that headlines are frequently abused for a certain framing effect. The widespread use of direct quotation is cited as one area of the abuse in headlines. The present study is an attempt to determine whether the criticism is based on facts. We conducted two separate surveys. First, the headlines on three major Korean newspapers were compared with those on The New York Times, Washington Post, and The Times. Then, we collected from Korean and English speakers factivity judgements for the sentences containing a direct quotation. The results confirm previous studies that Korean newspapers engage in a heavy use of direct quotation in headlines. Moreover, the results partially confirm the popular perception that the common use of direct quotation is a recent phenomenon in Korea. Finally, the study finds that both groups of speakers consider direct quotations more truthful than factive sentences.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.531-542
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• 2015

This study examined the structural relationships among 4- and 5-year-old children's playfulness, communication skills, and creative characteristics. This research analyzed the direct and indirect influence of child's playfulness on communication skills and creative characteristics. The study subjects were 249 children who attend kindergartens located in the Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area. A survey questionnaire was distributed to the children's mothers and teachers. The sample was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 program. The parameters were estimated by maximum likelihood method. The significance of indirect effect was tested by bootstrapping at .05 level. The results of this study were: (1) in both ages 4 and 5, playfulness had a direct and positive influence on communication skills, (2) in both ages, communication skills had a direct and positive effect on creative characteristics, and (3) the 5-year-old children's playfulness had a direct effect on creative characteristics, the 4-year-old children's playfulness did not exert direct influence onto creative characteristics. Communication skills 5-year-old children were seen to precipitate a partial mediation effect between playfulness and creative characteristics. At age 4, communication skills played a full mediation variable role between playfulness and creative characteristics. Discussions include suggestions to prosper creative characteristics through enhancing a child's playfulness and communication skills.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.541-551
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to identify the effects of the predictive factors of Internet addiction and to develop a predictive model that explains Internet addiction among adolescents in Korea. Method: Data was collected from 664 adolescents in Puasan and Ulsan. Data analysis was done using the SPSS 10.0 Win Program for descriptive and correlational statistics and the LISREL 8.53 Win Program for Covariance structural analysis. Result: The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate, it was modified by deleting four paths. Compared to the hypothetical model, the revised one had a better fit to the data($\chi^2$/df=6.50, GFI=.99, AGFI=.90, RMR=.02, NNFI=.88, NFI=.98, CN=279). Gender, friend support, and loneliness had significant direct effects on Internet addiction. The direct and indirect effect of self-esteem on Internet addiction was significant. The indirect effect of family support on Internet addiction was significant but its direct effect was insignificant. The direct and indirect effects of stress and impulsiveness on Internet addiction were significant but their total effects were insignificant. Conclusion: Finally, to decrease loneliness, and to increase family support and self-esteem, an effective intervention program and education should be developed to prevent Internet addiction of adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects (through working mothers' overprotective parenting behavior) of working mothers' separation anxiety and job satisfaction on preschoolers' separation anxiety. Methods: A total of 251 working mothers with preschool-aged children participated in this study. Mothers completed a questionnaire concerning their separation anxiety, job satisfaction, overprotective parenting behavior, and preschoolers' separation anxiety. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVAs, partial correlations and path analysis. Results: In terms of direct effects, working mothers' separation anxiety had a direct effect on preschoolers' separation anxiety. However, job satisfaction did not have a direct effect on preschoolers' separation anxiety. With respect to indirect effects, working mothers' separation anxiety indirectly influenced preschoolers' separation anxiety through their overprotective parenting behavior. However, mothers' job satisfaction did not have an indirect effect on preschoolers' separation anxiety. Conclusion/Implications: Findings from this study emphasize the importance of reducing mothers' separation anxiety in order to prevent preschoolers' separation anxiety.