• Title/Summary/Keyword: Direct Observation

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A study on the Material and Characteristics of Glass Beads from Oc Eo Site, Vietnam (베트남 옥 에오(Oc Eo) 유적 출토 유리구슬의 재질 및 특성 연구)

  • Kim, Gyu Ho;Yun, Ji Hyeon;Kwon, Oh Young;Park, Jun Young;Nguyen, Thi Ha
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.158-171
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    • 2016
  • The observation and analysis results of 9 glass bead samples collected from Oc Eo site in Vietnam, an outport of the ancient port city Funan in East Asia, are as follows. The type of glass beads is round, the colors are reddish brown, greenish blue, green, black and purplish blue, and the chemical composition is soda glass group. This means that they are similar in type, color and chemical compositions to glass beads from the ancient Korean peninsula. There are limitations in data because the glass beads are not from excavation investigation but from earth surface investigation. But it is significant that similar making technique and chemical composition are being observed in both the glass beads from Oc Eo and those of Korea. According to "Nihon Shoki" Kinmeiki, Baekje king sent Funan's goods and 2 slaves to Japan in 543. It is clear that there were direct or indirect exchanges between Baekje and Funan. The possibility has grown that glass beads could be included among goods.

Comparison of Surface Characteristics According to 3D Printing Methods and Materials for the Fabrication of Microfluidic Systems (미세유체시스템 제작을 위한 3D 프린팅 방식 및 소재 별 표면특성 비교)

  • Bae, Seo Jun;Im, Do Jin
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.57 no.5
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    • pp.706-713
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    • 2019
  • In this study, basic research was conducted to provide guidelines for selecting printers and materials suitable for each application case by analyzing 3D printing method and surface characteristics of materials suitable for microfluidic system. We have studied the surface characteristics according to the materials for the two typical printing methods: The most commonly used method of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printing and the relatively high resolution method of Stereolithography (SLA) printing. The FDM prints exhibited hydrophilic properties before post - treatment, regardless of the material, but showed hydrophobic properties after post - treatment with acetone vapor. It was confirmed by the observation of surface roughness using SEM that the change of the contact angle was due to the removal of the surface structure by post-treatment. SLA prints exhibited hydrophilic properties compared to FDM prints, but they were experimentally confirmed to be capable of surface modification using hydrophobic coatings. It was confirmed that it is impossible to make a transparent specimen in the FDM method. However, sufficient transparency is secured in the case of the SLA method. It is also confirmed that the electroporation chip of the digital electroporation system based on the droplet contact charging phenomenon was fabricated by the SLA method and the direct application to the microfluidic system by demonstrating the electroporation successfully.

Nursing Hours and Nurse Staffing according to Korean Triage Acuity Scale and Patient Dependency (한국형 응급환자 분류도구 및 환자의존도에 따른 환자군별 간호시간과 간호사 배치수준)

  • Jung, Eun Hee;Cho, Sung-Hyun;Lee, Sang Lim;Choi, Min Jin;Kim, Sung Sook;Choi, Eun Kyung;Han, Kyeong Hwa;Jeon, Mi Young
    • Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.395-406
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    • 2020
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze nurse staffing according to patients' acuity and dependency by measuring nursing hours. Methods: The study sample included patients who visited the adult emergency departments (EDs) of three tertiary referral hospitals and nurses who worked on shifts for 48 hours from October 24 to 26, 2019. Hourly patient census and nurse staffing were analyzed. Patient acuity was measured using the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS), ranging from Level 1 (highest) to Level 5 (lowest). Patient dependency was measured using six items (e.g., clinical attention and communication) and classified into four groups. Nursing activities were observed every 10 minutes and nursing hours per patient and nurse staffing were analyzed according to acuity and dependency. Results: Nurse-to-patient ratio ranged from 1:1.8 to 1:4.2 during the 48 hours of observation. The average work hours of nurses, excluding breaks and meals, was 8.57 hours; 42.5% of which was spent providing direct care. Higher acuity and dependency were associated with higher nursing hours and staffing level. Patients with KTAS Level 1 were provided 74.3 minutes per hour, 5.02 times higher than Level 5 (14.8 minutes). Patients in the highest dependency group were provided 87.4 minutes per hour, 5.75 times higher than the lowest group (15.2 minutes). Newly arrived patients received more nursing hours than continuously stayed patients within the same KTAS Levels. Conclusion: Large variations were found in hourly patient census, acuity, and dependency. Nurse staffing in EDs should be determined based on patient acuity and dependency.

Evaluation of Retrieval Accuracy of NO2 Column Density from Pandora Raw Data According to Wavelength Range and Absorption Cross-section Using DOAS Method (Pandora 원시자료로부터 차등흡수분광법을 이용하여 이산화질소 칼럼 농도 산출 시 파장 구간 및 흡수단면적에 따른 산출 정확도 평가)

  • Kim, Serin;Kim, Daewon;Lee, Hanlim
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.215-222
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    • 2022
  • In this study, the effect of wavelength range and absorption cross-section used to retrieve nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column density (VCD) from Pandora was analyzed using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). During the GEMS Map of the Air Pollution (GMAP) 2020 campaign, data from direct sunlight observation with Pandora instrument in Seosan was used, and NO2 VCD was retrieved under four conditions. The average NO2 VCD under the four conditions ranged from 1.22×1016~1.38×1016 molec. cm-2, with a maximum difference of 0.16×1016 molec. cm-2 between each condition. The fitting error averaged 3.19~9.59%, showing an error within 10% in all cases, and the RMS was 5.11×10-3~7.16×10-3 molec. cm-2. The retrieved NO2 VCD using 4 conditions shows a slope in the range of 0.98 to 1.09 and correlation of 0.96 to 0.98 in comparison with Pandonia Global Network (PGN).

A Study on the Perception, Emotion and Capacity of Cultural-Based Community's Policy Target Groups (문화기반 마을공동체 정책대상자의 인식, 정서, 역량에 대한 연구)

  • Song, Anna;Kim, Saejune
    • Korean Association of Arts Management
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    • no.56
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    • pp.5-38
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    • 2020
  • This study begins with the question of how culture-based communities can form a community culture and become a community of sustainable development. Based on the concept of community, community development factors and stage of development, cultural activities, and policy implementation theory, policy execution analysis models suitable for culture-based community projects were derived. A qualitative case study method was adopted as a research method, and success stories of culture-based village communities were selected as the 'Gamgol Community' in Sadong, Ansan, 'Sangdong Community' in Daebu-dong, Ansan, and 'Grimae Village' in Sinse-dong, Andong. Through in-depth interviews, literature analysis, and direct observation, the research analysis used pattern matching, explanation, chronicle analysis, and case integration analysis methods presented by Yin (2009). As a result of the study, first, the characteristics of the policy implementation strategy were taking place in the process of step-by-step development. The main factors in the community development phase were the improvement of community consciousness through the emotional change of participants and the change of capacity within the community. Second, it was understood that cultural activities played a major role in strengthening community consciousness and community capacity, and could be understood as various creative activities. Based on the ecological approach study on culture-based community, this study derived the policy execution analysis model, analyzed the case of culture-based village community, presented the direction of development of community and presented practical implications.

Enhancements of Crystallization and Opto-Electrical performance of ZnO/Ti/ZnO Thin Films (ZnO/Ti/ZnO 박막의 결정성 및 전기광학적 완성도 개선 연구)

  • Jin-Kyu Jang;Yu-Sung Kim;Yeon-Hak Lee;Jin-Young Choi;In-Sik Lee;Dae-Wook Kim;Byung-Chul Cha;Young-Min Kong;Daeil Kim
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.56 no.2
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    • pp.147-151
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    • 2023
  • Transparent ZnO (100 nm thick) and ZnO/Ti/ZnO (ZTZ) films were prepared with radio frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering on the glass substrate at room temperature. During the ZTZ film deposition, the thickness of the Ti interlayer was varied, such as 6, 9, 12, and 15 nm, while the thickness of ZnO films was kept at 50 nm to investigate the effect of the Ti interlayer on the crystallization and opto-electrical performance of the films. From the XRD pattern, it is concluded that the 9 nm thick Ti interlayer showed some characteristic peaks of Ti (200) and (220), and the grain size of the ZnO (002) enlarged from 13.32 to 15.28 nm as Ti interlayer thickness increased. In an opto-electrical performance observation, ZnO single-layer films show a figure of merit of 1.4×10-11 Ω-1, while ZTZ films with a 9 nm-thick Ti interlayer show a higher figure of merit of 2.0×10-5 Ω-1.

Clinical Practice Experience including Web-based Simulation Practice of Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic (코로나19 팬데믹 시기에 간호대학생의 웹 기반 시뮬레이션 실습을 포함한 임상 실습 경험)

  • Kim, Kyung Sook;Park, Ji Min
    • Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.81-93
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of clinical practice experience, including web-based simulation practice, in the context of the corona pandemic era. As for the research method, data were collected through a focus group interview on the experience of web-based simulation practice and subsequent clinical practice and analyzed by content analysis method. The contents of the two interview groups were analyzed, and the results were divided into 2 components, 7 topic groups, and 18 topics. The first component, the clinical practice, was divided into four topic groups: 'The anxious start of practice in a pandemic situation', 'Direct experience through various cases', 'Training opportunities to prepare as a future nurse', and 'The burden of performance and limited experience'. The second component, the web-based simulation practice, was divided into three topic groups: 'Unfinished nursing practice', 'Indirect experience of clinical nursing in virtual space', and 'Requirement of an integrated practice model'. Clinical practice is a very important part of the nursing education curriculum. However, the nursing that students can perform in the field is very limited. Therefore, to supplement the shortcomings of observation-oriented clinical practice and to increase the quality of practical education, it is necessary to consider a hybrid education model including web-based simulation practice.

An Exploratory Study of Generative AI Service Quality using LDA Topic Modeling and Comparison with Existing Dimensions (LDA토픽 모델링을 활용한 생성형 AI 챗봇의 탐색적 연구 : 기존 AI 챗봇 서비스 품질 요인과의 비교)

  • YaeEun Ahn;Jungsuk Oh
    • Journal of Service Research and Studies
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.191-205
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    • 2023
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially in the domain of text-generative services, has witnessed a significant surge, with forecasts indicating the AI-as-a-Service (AIaaS) market reaching a valuation of $55.0 Billion by 2028. This research set out to explore the quality dimensions characterizing synthetic text media software, with a focus on four key players in the industry: ChatGPT, Writesonic, Jasper, and Anyword. Drawing from a comprehensive dataset of over 4,000 reviews sourced from a software evaluation platform, the study employed the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling technique using the Gensim library. This process resulted the data into 11 distinct topics. Subsequent analysis involved comparing these topics against established AI service quality dimensions, specifically AICSQ and AISAQUAL. Notably, the reviews predominantly emphasized dimensions like availability and efficiency, while others, such as anthropomorphism, which have been underscored in prior literature, were absent. This observation is attributed to the inherent nature of the reviews of AI services examined, which lean more towards semantic understanding rather than direct user interaction. The study acknowledges inherent limitations, mainly potential biases stemming from the singular review source and the specific nature of the reviewer demographic. Possible future research includes gauging the real-world implications of these quality dimensions on user satisfaction and to discuss deeper into how individual dimensions might impact overall ratings.

Current Pediatric Endoscopy Training Situation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Collaborative Survey by the Asian Pan-Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Endoscopy Scientific Subcommittee

  • Nuthapong Ukarapol;Narumon Tanatip;Ajay Sharma;Maribel Vitug-Sales;Robert Nicholas Lopez;Rohan Malik;Ruey Terng Ng;Shuichiro Umetsu;Songpon Getsuwan;Tak Yau Stephen Lui;Yao-Jong Yang;Yeoun Joo Lee;Katsuhiro Arai;Kyung Mo Kim; APPSPGHAN Endoscopy Scientific Subcommittee
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.258-265
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    • 2024
  • Purpose: To date, there is no region-specific guideline for pediatric endoscopy training. This study aimed to illustrate the current status of pediatric endoscopy training in Asia-Pacific region and identify opportunities for improvement. Methods: A cross-sectional survey, using a standardized electronic questionnaire, was conducted among medical schools in the Asia-Pacific region in January 2024. Results: A total of 57 medical centers in 12 countries offering formal Pediatric Gastroenterology training programs participated in this regional survey. More than 75% of the centers had an average case load of <10 cases per week for both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopies. Only 36% of the study programs employed competency-based outcomes for program development, whereas nearly half (48%) used volume-based curricula. Foreign body retrieval, polypectomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and esophageal variceal hemostasis, that is, sclerotherapy or band ligation (endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal ligation), comprised the top four priorities that the trainees should acquire in the autonomous stage (unconscious) of competence. Regarding the learning environment, only 31.5% provided formal hands-on workshops/simulation training. The direct observation of procedural skills was the most commonly used assessment method. The application of a quality assurance (QA) system in both educational and patient care (Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network) aspects was present in only 28% and 17% of the centers, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with Western academic societies, the limited availability of cases remains a major concern. To close this gap, simulation and adult endoscopy training are essential. The implementation of reliable and valid assessment tools and QA systems can lead to significant development in future programs.

A basic research for evaluation of a Home Care Nursing Delivery System (가정간호 서비스 질 평가를 위한 도구개발연구)

  • Kim, Mo-Im;Cho, Won-Jung;Kim, Eui-Sook;Kim, Sung-Kyu;Chang, Soon-Bok;Ryu, Ho-Sihn
    • Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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    • v.6
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    • pp.33-45
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

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