• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.8 s.145
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• pp.1079-1091
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to point out the unification of the size of swimming headgear by measuring detailed measurement of head ferm and systematizes the head form. A total of 300 male and female Korean adults aged from 18 years old to 35 years old were measured through the direct measurement method. This study attempted to identify the head form of male and female adults using measurement data and the head form was classified through factor analysis and cluster analysis. (1) Based on the fact that this study especially focuses on the size of swimming headgear, factor analysis was performed far both direct measurements with hair and without hair. For the measurements with hair, seven factors were extracted. They were head thickness factor, head width factor, width of side head factor, height of back head factor, length of front head factor, circumference of front head factor, thickness of front head factor and head height factor. They explained the $70.95\%$ of the measurements. (2) The cluster analysis was executed to classify the somatotype of the korean head form on the basis of similarity. According to the cluster analysis result, the measurements with hair categorized types, 'Woman's long-hair type', 'Small type', 'Long and flat type', 'Large type'. (3) Head circumference B and Left tragion - Vertex - Right tragion circumference which are generally length and width in choosing swimming headgear size were selected as measurement items far size of swimming headgear. Direct measurements and sizes of four swimming headgear with different materials taking into account their elongation rate were also compared.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to consider the effectiveness of continuous $CO_2$ emission monitoring in waste incinerator. To prevent global warming, many countries are trying to reduce $CO_2$, the main greenhouse gas. Currently, Korea is implementing an emission trading scheme to reduce $CO_2$, and waste incinerators are included in this scheme as major $CO_2$ sources. However, when using waste incinerators, $CO_2$ is discharged during incineration of various types of wastes, therefore it is very difficult to calculate the amount of emissions according to IPCC guidelines. In addition, the estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by calculation is known to lack of accuracy comparing with actual emissions. Currently, Korea is operating CleanSYS, which enables continuous measurement of gases emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the $CO_2$ emissions of waste incineration facilities. The IPCC, which published $CO_2$ emission calculation guidelines, recognizes that direct measurement of emission is a more advanced method in cases of various $CO_2$ emission sources such as a waste incineration facility. Also, Korean emission trading scheme guidelines allow estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by continuous measurement at waste incineration facilities. Therefore, this study considers the effectiveness of a direct measurement method by comparing the results of CleanSYS with the calculation method suggested by the IPCC guidelines.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2014

In the case of the direct measurement of $^{226}Ra$ using a HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer, the interference between gammarays with 186.21 keV of $^{226}Ra$ and 185.7 keV of $^{235}U$ should be corrected to calculate the net peak area in the energy spectrum. In general, it is very difficult to conduct peaks stripping with difference of about 0.5 keV, although a HPGe with the superior resolution is applied and the maximum channels is applied to the spectrometer. In this study, several interference correction techniques in the direct measurement were surveyed to evaluate the feasibility for the measurement of $^{226}Ra$ using the gamma-ray spectrometery. Applying the interference corrections to the analysis of raw materials and by-products, the method validation for the direct measurement of $^{226}Ra$ was conducted by evaluating the measurement uncertainty, linearity, and range. As a result, the optimum method of the interference correction was selected by comparing with the indirect measurement of which progenies of $^{226}Ra$, such as $^{214}Pb$ and $^{214}Bi$, were analyzed in the secular equilibrium state.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to estimate the work measurement by the work sampling methodology. The results of the study were summarized as follows; The percentage of labor activities based on the analysis of work sampling were as follows; 1) In the A welfare facilities for the elderly, direct work function, indirect work function and delay were 68.28%, 8.73%, 22.99%, respectively. 2) In the B welfare facilities for the elderly, direct work function, indirect work function and delay were 70.04%, 9.42%, 20.54%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.243-244
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• 2006

In this paper, the development of an error measurement system of 5-axis mill & turn machine tool presented by double ball bar test, which has been widely used to measure the overall accuracy of machining center. and the reliability of an error measurement system of 5-axis mill & turn machine tool was secured by the direct cutting test.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.11-15
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• 2008

Metrology tools with the ability to measure spindle motion error on the order of a nanometer are required due to recent advances in nanotechnology. We propose a direct measurement method for the radial motion error of a precision spindle using a regular crystalline lattice and a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) crystal combined with an STM is used as a two-dimensional reference scale. The measurement principle and the preliminary experimental results are discussed in this article. The preliminary experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method has the capability to incorporate a two-dimensional encoder to measure the spindle motion error.

• New Physics: Sae Mulli
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• v.68 no.11
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• pp.1275-1280
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• 2018

We demonstrated transmission direct phase-measuring deflectometry (DPMD) with a specular phase object having discontinuous surfaces by using two displays and a two-dimensional array detector for display and by recording the distorted fringe patterns. Three-dimensional (3D) information was obtained by calculating the height map directly from the phase information. We developed a mathematical model of the phase-height relationship in transmission DPMD. Unlike normal transmission deflectometry, this method supports height measurement directly from the phase. Compared with other 3D measurement techniques such as interferometry, this method has the advantages of being inexpensive and easy to implement.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.4317-4328
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• 2023

To ensure the measuring accuracy of the wall temperature, the outer wall temperature measurement values by using three kinds of thermocouple welding methods were analyzed and evaluated in the paper, including single-point flush-mounted in the wall groove method, single-point insert-mounted in the wall groove, and outer surface direct welding method, based on the application of a tube-in-tube condensing heat exchanger. And the impacts of silver, tin, and thermal resistance adhesive as filling materials on wall temperature measurement were also investigated, and the results were compared to that obtained without filling materials. The results showed that the wall temperatures measured by the three welding methods were lower than the theoretically calculated value. And the wall temperature measured by the outer surface direct welding method was lowest under the same experimental conditions. The wall temperatures measured by single-point flush-mounted and insert-mounted in the wall groove methods were also affected by different welding filling materials. It was found that the greater the thermal resistance of filling materials, the smaller the heat loss. By analyzing the reasons for the low measured value of wall temperature, a new wall temperature measurement method was developed to improve the accuracy of the current measurement method. Meanwhile, the outer wall temperature measurement experiments of vertical and horizontal heat transfer tubes were carried out to validate and calibrate the improved outer wall temperature measurement method. The results showed that the average outer wall temperature deviation measured by the improved wall temperature measurement method ranged from - 0.82% to +2.29% for vertical tubes and - 4.75% to - 1.44% for horizontal tubes, and the improved measurement method had good measurement accuracy.

• 한국기계연구소 소보
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• s.19
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• pp.69-79
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• 1989

Cutting tool life monitoring is a critical element needed for designing unmanned machining systems. This paper describes a tool wear measurement system using computer vision which repeatedly measures flank and crater wear of a single point cutting tool. This direct tool wear measurement method is based on an interactive procedure utilizing a image processor and multi-vision sensors. A measurement software calcultes 7 parameters to characterize flank and crater wear. Performance test revealed that the computer vision technique provides precise, absolute tool-wear quantification and reduces human maesurement errors.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.371-382
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• 2005

We present a processing system for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) sounding suite onboard Aqua satellite. With its unprecedented 2378 channels in IR bands, AIRS aims at achieving the sounding accuracy of radiosonde (1 K in 1-km layer for temperature and $10\%$ in 2-km layer for humidity). The core of the processor is the International MODIS/AIRS Processing Package (IMAPP) that performs the geometric and radiometric correction for generation of Level 1 brightness temperature and Level 2 geophysical parameters retrieval. The processor can produce automatically from received raw data to Level 2 geophysical parameters. As we process the direct-broadcast data almost for the first time among the AIRS direct-broadcast community, a special attention is paid to understand and verify the Level 2 products. This processor includes sub-systems, that is, the near real time validation system which made the comparison results with in-situ measurement data, and standard digital information system which carry out the data format conversion into GRIdded Binary II (GRIB II) standard format to promote active data communication between meteorological societies. This processing system is planned to encourage the application of geophysical parameters observed by AIRS to research the aqua cycle in the Korean peninsula.