• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1360-1366
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• 2001

The aims of this study were first to evaluate the effects of different levels (20, 40 and 100%) and sources (follicular size: large, >7 mm; medium, >5-7 mm; small, 3-5 mm) of porcine follicular fluid (pFF) on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes, and the effects of fertilization treatments and different culture conditions on development of fertilized oocytes were also investigated. No differences in the maturation (63.6-76.6%) and cleavage (24.8-34.3%) rates were observed among the 20,40 and 100% pFF groups (p>0.05). The cleavage rates of oocytes cultured and fertilized in 40% and 100% pFF maturation media were significantly higher than those fertilized in m199-NBCS (51.0-61.2% vs. 12.8-31.8%. p<0.05), regardless of sources of the pFF. When oocytes were fertilized in m199-NBCS followed by culture in rabbit oviducts for 4 days, the cleavage rate in 40% pFF group was better than that in 100% pFF group (46.9% vs. 32.5%, p<0.05). Two oocytes recovered from the oviducts in the 40% pFF group developed to blastocysts after IVC. However, none developed to blastocysts when fertilized in the IVM medium after being transferred to rabbit oviducts. In conclusion, addition of pFF accompanied with gonadotropins (FSH, LH) in IVM medium enhanced maturation and cleavage rates of porcine oocytes. Direct addition of sperm suspension to IVM medium may be an alternative to simplify the fertilization procedures and to reduce the mechanical lesion during manipulation. Furthermore, rabbit oviducts provide a better environment for the in vitro fertilized oocyte developing to the morula and blastocyst stages.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2003

Carotenoids are synthesized from the plastidic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)/pyruvate pathway in isoprenoids biosynthetic system of plants. They play a crucial role in light harvesting, work as photoprotective agents in photosynthesis of nature, and are also responsible for the red, orange and yellow colors of fruits and flowers in plants. In addition to biological actions of carotenoids as antioxidants and natural pigments, they are essential components of human diet as a source of vitamin A. It has been also suggested that some kinds of carotenoids might provide protection against cancer and heart disease as human medicines. In this article, we review the commercial applications on the basis of biological functions of carotenoids, summarize the studies of genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, and introduce recent results achieved in metabolic engineering of carotenoids. This effort for understanding the carotenoids metabolism will make us to increase the total carotenoid contents of crop plants, direct the carotenoid biosynthetic machinery towards other useful carotenoids, and produce a new array of carotenoids by further metabolizing the new precursors that are created when one or two key enzymes in carotenoid biosynthetic pathway are exchanged through gene manipulation in the near future.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.546-552
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• 2013

Background The zygoma is a major portion of the midfacial contour. When deformity occurs in this area, a reduction should be conducted to correct it. If a sagittal fracture at the temporal root of the zygomatic arch occurs, this also requires reduction, but it is difficult to approach due to its anatomical location, and the possibility of fixation is also limited. Thus, the authors attempted the reduction of sagittal fracture by two- or three-point fixation and the Gillies approach without direct manipulation. The preoperative and postoperative results of the patients were evaluated. Follow-up was performed to establish a treatment guideline. Methods A retrospective study was done with 40 patients who had sagittal fractures at the temporal root of the zygomatic arch from March 2009 to June 2012. Only two- or three-point fixation was performed for the accompanying zygomatic-orbital-maxillary fracture. The Gillies approach was used for complex fractures of the zygomatic arch, while the temporal root of the zygomatic arch was only observed without reduction. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography and X-ray scans were performed to examine the results. Results The result of the paired t-test on preoperative and postoperative bone gap differences, the depression level, and the degree of temporal protrusion showed a marked decrease in the mean difference at a 95% confidence interval. The results were acceptable. Conclusions In the treatment of sagittal fractures at the temporal root of the zygomatic arch, it is acceptable to use indirect reduction and non-fixation methods. This leads to a satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcome.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2004

디스플레이 디바이스가 발전함에 따라 컴퓨터를 이용한 작업 환경이 응용 목적에 보다 적합한 형태로 변환하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 테이블 형태의 프로젝션 시스템인 가상테이블을 이용하여 건축 디자인 시스템의 개발에 관하여 고찰한다. 개발된 시스템은 인터랙티브 VR 모델러, 하이브리드 트랙커, 건축용 인터프리터로 구성되어 있다. 인터랙티브 VR 모델러는 가상테이블 상에서 건축 디자인을 보다 쉽고 직관적으로 할 수 있도록 그리드 인터랙션, 텐져블 프랍, 참조 객체와 같은 비주얼 및 택타일 가이드를 제공한다. 하이브리드 트랙커는 사용자 시야각에 따른 임의의 뷰포인트를 제공하는 기능과 핸드 인터랙션을 위한 비전 기반 트랙킹과 마그네틱 트랙킹을 포함하고, 건축용 인터프리터는 간단한 삼차원 매스를 건축적 정보를 포함한 기본 구성요소로 자동 변환하는 기능을 한다 제안 시스템은 다수의 사용자가 공동 작업을 하기에 적절하며 입체적인 뷰를 통하여 그래픽스 객체를 삼차원 공간에서 직접 조작할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 이와 같이 본 시스템은 건축 시뮬레이션 및 사용자 참여 디자인에 유용하게 사용되어질 수 있다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is currently under intensive investigation due to its health benefits. A great deal of interest has been paid to the possible health-promoting roles of CLA, but there are not many studies available on the mechanism of CLA production by ruminal microorganisms. CLA is produced as an intermediate of the characteristic biohydrogenation process of linoleic acid(LA) in the rumen and its production has direct relationship to numerous environmental factors including particle association, substrate concentration, forage-to-grain ratio, pH, ionopore, bacterial cell density, etc. Some of these factors were known to affect hydrogenating activities of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38 which is an active rumen bacterium in CLA production. Dairy cow is a main source of CLA, and its level could be increased by dietary manipulation changing the physiological environment of rumen bacteria such as B. fibrisolvens A38. Therefore, the effects of various factors on. ruminal biohydrogenation should be carefully considered to optimize not only CLA production, but also other fatty acid metabolism, both of which are directly affecting nutritional quality and functionality of dairy products. In this review, the relationship between various environmental factors and ruminal CLA production is discussed focusing on the CLA production of B. fibrisolvens A38.

• 생태와환경
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.111-115
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• 2008

Direct effects of zooplankton grazing activities on the natural assemblage of bacterioplankton and algae were evaluated at monthly intervals, from June to October of 2000, in the middle part of the River Spree, Germany. We quantified bacterioplankton, algae, zooplankton abundance and measured carbon ingestion rates (CIRs) by zooplankton according to two zooplankton size classes: (i) micro zooplankton (MICZ), ranging in size from 30 to $150{\mu}m$ and including rotifers and nauplii, excluding protozoans and (ii) macrozooplankton (MACZ), larger than $150{\mu}m$ and including cladocerans and copepods. CIRs were measured using natural bacterial and algae communities in the zooplankton density manipulation experiments. Algae biomass (average${\pm}$SD: $377{\pm}306{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}$, n=5) was always higher than bacterial biomass ($36.7{\pm}9.9{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}$, n=5). Total zooplankton biomass varied from 19.8 to $137{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}$. Total mean biomass of zooplankton was $59.9{\pm}52.5{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}$ (average${\pm}$SD, n=5). Average MICZ biomass ($40.2{\pm}47.6{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}$ n=5) was nearly twofold higher than MACZ biomass ($19.6{\pm}20.6{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}$ n=5). Total zooplankton CIRs on algae (average${\pm}$SD: $56.6{\pm}26.4{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) were $\sim$fourfold higher than that on bacteria $(12.7{\pm}6.0{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}\;day^{-1})$. MICZ CIRs on bacteria $(7.0{\pm}2.8{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}\;day^{-1})$ and algae $(28.6{\pm}20.6{\mu}gC\;L^{-1}\;day^{-1})$ were slightly higher than MACZ CIRs. On average, MICZ accounted for 55.6 and 50.5% of total zooplankton grazing on bacteria and algae, respectively. Considering the MICZ and MACZ CIRs, the relative role of transferring carbon to higher trophic levels were nearly similar between both communities in the lake-river ecosystem.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2005

Wide vertical hemilaryngopharyngectomy with immediate glottic and pharyngeal reconstruction using a radial forearm free flap is reported in 1991 by Chantrain et al. This procedure was designed for the preservation of healthy hemilarynx and resection of pharynx with safe oncological margin in especially piriform sinus cancer or supraglottic cancer invading the hypopharynx. In the original paper, they used palmaris longus tendon for reconstruction of neoglottis. In other groups, they used rib cartilage instead of palmaris longus tendon. In this paper, we report two cases of piriform sinus cancer patients who treated with wide vertical hemilaryngectomy with radial forearm free flap reconstruction. In one case, the operation was performed as Chantrain et al described. But in another case, the ipsilateral forearm was impossible due to the positive Allen's test. So the contralateral forearm flap and rib cartilage graft was done. This reconstructive technique make large resection possible. As the dissection of thyroid cartilage and lateral displacement makes direct visualization and manipulation of piriform sinus lesions, sufficient resection margin in lateral and inferior pharyngeal wall cab be obtained.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2009

비점오염제어에 있어서 상대적으로 지하수오염의 가능성이 높은 지역을 선별하고 주된 오염원을 파악하는 것은 그 기여도가 대단히 크다. 이 연구는 제주도를 연구지역으로 하였으며, 현재 가장 중요한 오염물질 중의 하나인 질산태 질소를 대상오염물질로 하였다. 기존 및 실제 조사에 의한 토양정보를 토대로 pedotransfer function과 수분이동 모델을 이용하여 토양통별로 산출된 질산태질소오염 민감도 지수를 통해 민감도분포도를 작성하였으며(semi process-based 법), 이를 실제 모니터링된 2,020개의 수질자료와 비교하였고 제안된 semi process-based 법은 기존의 전문가의 의견과 판단에 의존하거나 방대한 파라메터를 요구하는 기존방법들의 단점을 극복하고 충분한 지형적 해상력을 제공하였을 뿐만 아니라, 알려진 질산태 질소 모니터링 자료와도 대부분 잘 부합하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과들은 오염민감성이 높은 지역을 우선 선정하여 주의와 관리대책을 세우는 동시에 주요한 오염원을 파악함으로써 지하수자원을 합리적이고 효율적으로 보호하는데 있어서 유용한 수단이 될 것으로 판단되었다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.159-176
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• 1998

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2016

입도분포가 다양한 입자크기로 이루어져 있는 지반은 일반적으로 지반의 강도가 좋다. 입도분포가 다양하지 않음에도 충분한 지지력을 가지고 있는 지반이 더러 있는데, 이러한 지반의 특징은 Gap 입도로 분포되어 있다는 것이다. 이를 바탕으로 유추하여보면 입자의 크기가 다양하지 않더라도 적절한 입도의 배치를 통해 강한 지반이 조성될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 임의로 조성한 Gap 입도시료와 well, uniform 입도시료와의 내부마찰각의 변화에 대하여 고찰하였다. 큰 입자와 작은 입자 크기의 비율에 따라서 시료를 조성한 후 직접전단시험을 수행하여 지반의 강도정수를 구하고 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과 시료의 입자크기비와 내부마찰각을 연관시킬 수 있었으며 입도의 분포가 Gap이라고 하더라도 주어진 조건에서 가장 큰 입자 크기비를 가지고 있는 시료가 다양한 입도분포의 시료보다 큰 마찰력을 가질 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 중간입자크기를 가지고 있는 시료로 조성한 uniform시료보다도 같은 입자 크기의 Gap 입도 시료가 더 큰 강도를 지니고 있었다. 비교적 간단한 입도의 조정만으로도 대상 지반의 강도를 추가적으로 증대시킬 수 있는 공법개발의 기초를 확립하였다.