• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 1992

Direct manipulations are composed of pointing operations and dragging operations. In order to find the optimum design parameters (such as C/D ratio, moving direction) for the direct manipulation of a GUI(Graphical User Interface), an ergonomic experiment was devised (2*4*3*8 design) to measure the performance of a mouse (Microsoft) and a trackball (Logitech). The results showed that the mouse was more suitable for the direct manipulation (expecially for the dragging operation) than the trackball, and the suitable C/D ratio was 10 (for the mouse) and 16 (for the trackball). Also the movement direction was a determinant factor in trackball performance.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.155-167
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• 2004

At this time, the two main techniques for achieving web personalization assistant systems generally concern direct manipulation and software agents. While both direct manipulation and software agents are intended for permitting user to complete tasks rapidly, efficiently, and easily, their methodologies are different. The central debate involving these web personalization techniques originates from the amount of control that each allows to, or holds back from, the users. Direct manipulation can provide users with comprehensibel, predictable and controllable user interfaces that give them a feeling of accomplishnent and responsibility. On the other hand, the intelligent software components, the agents, can assist users with artificial intelligence by monitoring or retrieving personal histories or behaviors. In this empirical study, two web personalization assistant systems are evaluated. One of them, WebPersonalizer, is an agent based user personalization tool; the other, AntWorld, is a collaborative recommendation tool which provides direct manipulation interfaces. Through this empirical study, we have focused on two different paradigms as web personalization assistant systems : direct manipulation and software agents. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. We also provide the experimental result that is worth referring for developers of electronic commerce system and suggest the methodologies for conveniently retrieving necessary information based on their personal needs.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1026-1039
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• 2014

We present a new method for generating sweep surfaces using bivariate B-spline motion. The sweep surface is defined as the trace of a single point under bivariate B-spline motion. Direct manipulation of the sweep surface is achieved by controlling its motion components while producing various editing effects. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by modeling and deforming various three-dimensional shapes.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.293-308
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the direct relationship between ownership structure, earnings manipulation, and organizational performance, and then examine the mediating effect of earnings manipulation in the relationship between ownership structure and organizational performance. This study collected and analyzed secondary data published in financial reports related to all insurance organizations listed in the Jordanian market during the study period (from 2009 until 2018). A panel data analysis was conducted, giving a total of 200 observations. The findings of this study concluded that ownership concentration, foreign ownership, and organization size affect organizational performance proxied by ROA, ROE, and EPS, more specifically, ownership concentration and organization size have a positive effect, whereas foreign ownership has a negative effect. At the same time, board of director ownership, organizational ownership, and CEO compensation did not affect organizational performance. Next, the board of director ownership, ownership concentration, foreign ownership, and CEO compensation affect earnings manipulation separately. In addition, earnings manipulation positively affects organizational performance proxied by ROA, ROE and EPS. This means that the higher the earnings manipulation is, the higher the organizational performance is. Finally, earnings manipulation mediates the relationship between ownership concentration and foreign ownership of ownership structure, and organizational performance.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-188
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study is to analyze the actual investigation and classification of osteopathic manipulation by investigation of the various literature of the inside and outside of the country, and to present the application plan of osteopathy in chuna manual therapy for meridian sinew system. Methods : I referred to the domestic and foreign books about osteopathy and chiropractic. In order to investigate domestic dissertations, I searched 4 Korean medical databases and 4 Korean medical journals of osteopathy. Search terms used were osteopathy, osteopathic, fascia, proprioreceptor, mechanoreceptor, muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ, osteopathic manipulation technics. And I classified all the searched studies into principle and region and etc. In order to investigate foreign dissertations, I search 'NCBI pubmed'. Search terms used were osteopathy, osteopathic technique, osteopathic manipulative technique. Results : 1. Osteopathy do not regard the systems which compose the human body in individual territory, but regard whole. It is diagnosis, prevention and medicine which treats 2. Osteopathic manipulation techniques are classified into direct techniques, indirect techniques, and compound techniques. 3. Osteopathic manipulation techniques are classified into fascia, muscle, ligament-joint in applied region. 4. I could search clinical cases in domestic and foreign study. I found cases about myofascial release technique(MFR), postisometric relaxation(PIR), proprioceptive neuromuscular fascilitation(PNF), muscle energy technique(MET), joint mobilization in domestic studies, and strain-counterstrain technique(SCS), MET, AK in foreign studies. Conclusions : Osteopathic manipulation techniques can be used in diagnosis and treatment of meridian muscle theory, because osteopathy and the oriental medicine have many similarities in theoretical background. So osteopathic manipulation technique can be useful in oriental medicine treatment techniques.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.4 s.35
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• pp.169-173
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• 1999

In this paper some modifications for Lu's inverse method of fairing process are presented. The object function is changed and additional constraints for hull curve foiling is proposed. The newly introduced minimizing object function is the sum of the distances between the two curve's positions at the same parameter values instead of the sum of the distances between two vertices. The new one is better to represent the physical meaning of the object function, the smaller differences between two curves. In ship hull fairing the end tangent of curve has to be fined in some cases, so the additional constraint is considered to preserve the direction of end tangent. The sample results are shown.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.454-456
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• 2001

일반적으로 확률에 기반한 연산자를 사용하는 진회연산(EC)은 전역 탐색에는 효율적이나 국소 탐색에는 그렇지 못하다. 이러한 문제점은 대화형 진회연산(IEC)에서 더욱 심각해지는데, 이는 개체들을 사용자가 직접 평가하는데 따른 세대 길이의 제한이 있기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 HCI 분야에서 잘 알려져 있는 직접조작 방법(Direct Manipulation : DM)을 적용하여 이것을 해결하는 방법을 제안한다. 각각의 개체들에 대한 인터페이스 진화 연산자를 사용하는 대신 지적조작을 사용함으로써 사용자는 개체의 진화에 직접 개입할 수 있고, 이를 통해 진화연산자를 사용하는 전역 탐색 능력은 그래도 유지한 채 대화형 진화연산의 단점을 극복할 수 있다. 이러한 직접조작 개념을 대화형GA에 기반한 패션 디자인 시스템에 적용하였고 이러한 응용이 효과적이었음을 실험을 통해 보였다.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2018

In the field of computer graphics, rendering speed is one of the most important factors. Contemporary rendering is performed using 3D graphics systems with windowing system support. Since typical graphics systems, including OpenGL and the DirectX library, focus on the variety of graphics rendering features, the rendering process itself consists of many complicated operations. In contrast, early computer systems used direct manipulation of computer graphics hardware, and achieved simple and efficient graphics handling operations. We suggest an alternative method of accelerated 2D and 3D graphics output, based on directly accessing modern GPU hardware using the direct rendering manager (DRM) system. On the basis of this DRM support, we exchange the graphics instructions and graphics data directly, and achieve better performance than full 3D graphics systems. We present a prototype system for providing a set of simple 2D and 3D graphics primitives. Experimental results and their screen shots are included.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 1998

The authors treated a 30-years old female patient who visited the Department of Oral Medicine, PNUH due to the chief complaint of limitation of mouth opening. The magnetic resonance imaging following clinical examination was used for establishing an accurate and reliable diagnosis and the patient was diagnosed as having anterior disc displacement without reduction in the right joint and anterior disc displacement with reduction in the left joint. For managing acute anterior disc displacement without reduction, mandible manipulation was applied first focusing on pain control and then stabilization appliance was used for maintenance of joint stabilization. With time, the sign and symptom was remarkably reduced and an active exercise program was recommended to maintain of normal muscle length, increase joint range of motion and develop normal coordination arthrokinematics. As a result of treatment, the patient did not complain discomfort of normal daily activities and it was difficult to consider that the displace disc was not reduced completely, but the improvement in range of motion and joint mobility were remarkably found. Therefore, an exercise program should be considered to maintain joint mobility and be effective as a self-care.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.32-39
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• 2009

Most mobile devices provide limited input interfaces in order to maximize the mobility and the portability. In this paper, the author proposes a small cubic-shaped tangible input interface which tracks the location, the direction, and the velocity using MEMS sensor technology to overcome the physical limitations of the poor input devices in mobile computing environments. As the preliminary phase for implementing the proposed tangible input interface, the prototype design and implementation methods are described in this paper. Various experiments such as menu manipulation, 3-dimensional contents control, and sensor data visualization have been performed in order to verify the validity of the proposed interface. The proposed tangible device enables direct and intuitive manipulation. It is obvious that the mobile computing will be more widespread and various kinds of new contents will emerge in near future. The proposed interface can be successfully employed for the new contents services that cannot be easily implemented because of the limitation of current input devices. It is also obvious that this kind of interface will be a critical component for future mobile communication environments. The proposed tangible interface will be further improved to be applied to various contents manipulation including 2D/3D games.