• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.109-126
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• 1993

Refractory periodontitis manifest progressive attachment loss in a rapid and unrelenting manner regardless of the type or frequency of therapy applied. The purpose of this study was ta evaluate the relation between the level of cytokines in GCF and periodontopathic microflora with disease activity of refractory periodontitis. Selection of patients with refractory periodontitis (7 males, 3 females) were made by long term clinical observation including conventional clinical history and parameters. Teeth that showed pocket depth greater than 6mm were selected as sample teeth. Subjects were examined at baseline and after 3 months. Prior to baseline test, individual acrylic stent was fabricated. Reference grooves were made on each sample tooth site. Pocket depth and attachment loss were measured by Florida Probe. Gingival index was measured at 4 sites each sample teeth. Disease activity was defined as attachment loss of ${\ge}$ 2.1mm, as determined by sequential probing and tolerance method. The pattern and amount of alveolar bone resorption was observed with quantitative digital subtraction image processing radiography. Morphological analysis of subgingival bacteria was taken by phase contrast microscopy. Predominant cultivable bacterial distribution and frequency were compared between disease-active and disease-inactive site using immunofluorescence microscopy and selective microbial culturing. Levels of $interleukin-l{\beta}$, 2, 4, 6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF and blood serum sample were quantified by ELISA. In active sites, P. intermedia was significantly increased to compare with inactive site. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF were increased in active sites and IL-2 in serum was increased in active patients significantly. Alveolar bone loss in active site was correlated with $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2 in GCF. And loss of attachment in active site was correlated with IL-2 in GCF. These results demonstrate that IL-2 in serum, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF, P, intermedia might be used as possible predictors of disease activity in refractory periodontitis before it is clinically expressed as attachment loss and quantitative alveolar bone change.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1001-1006
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• 2004

In order to examine the anti-arthritic properties of ShinEumHur(SEH)-herbal acupuncture, an adjuvant-induced arthritic rat was generated by the intra-articular injection of dried cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis emulsified in squalene into the right knee joint. Fifty microliter of SEH extract was injected into Zusanli(ST36) acupoint on the ipsilateral hind paw every other day for 2 weeks. The body weight, knee circumference, squeak threshold, and weight distribution ratio were analyzed as the assessment methods addressing arthritic symptoms such as arthritic pain, edema, and tenderness. The weight distribution ratio was measured by a digital-type analgesia instrument using the dual channel scale that separately measures the weight the arthritic rat distributes to each hind paw, and thus quantifies both of swelling and pain severities at once. The therapeutic effects of SEH-herbal acupuncture, assessed by squeaking threshold and weight distribution ratio, were observed on 8th day after the arthritis induction as compared to saline group and control group. On 10th day, SEH-herbal acupuncture therapy significantly started to alleviate the growing pattern of knee circumference of an arthritic rat in the range of 0.2㎝. However, the loss of body weight was not significantly recovered. Taken together, the SEH-herbal acupuncture exhibited the significant therapeutic efficiency to treat adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in rat.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.41-65
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• 2007

This study examines children's responses on Audie music activity based on Gordon's Music Learning Method. Subjects of study were 3 five year old children(2 boys, 1 girl) in kindergarten. Data collection drew from participatory observation, researcher journal, the classroom teacher interview. Where more specific data were necessary, video and digital camera recorded. The data were described, analyzed, and interpreted. The main findings in this study are as follows : The children who participated in Audie music activity showed desirable changes in many ways. Their music listening attitude was the one that changed most remarkably. At the beginning activity application, the children were not naturally and could not listen attentively while researcher was singing song without words. Gradually children could listen attentively to the researcher's singing without words. Through the Audie music activity, the children began to think carefully the tone and rhythm of music and to express themselves freely and creatively. At the beginning activity application, the children who showed negative responses and blocked up activity became gradually able to show positive aptitude and to amuse. Also the children who showed passive attitude and no responses became gradually able to react spontaneously.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.182-188
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• 2008

The MLC(multi leaf collimator) in charge of important role in radiation therapy field recently have been exchanging from shielding block into it rapidly, owing to being convenient. However, MLC can be occurred the leakage dose of inter_leaves and the error of algorithm in imput and output from digital signal. We compared the difference of imput method to MLC made by Varian Cop. with the error and effective field induced by MLC shaper and film scanner based on XimaVision value as using MLC layer of various shapes. According to comparing standard value with them to basic MLC layer (test1-5), MLC shaper was $0{\sim}0.29cm$, $0.23{\sim}3.59cm^2$ and film scanner was $0{\sim}0.78cm$, $0.24{\sim}3.89cm^2$. At the MLC layer to be applied in clinic, MLC shaper was $0{\sim}0.54cm$, $0.04{\sim}1.68cm^2$ and film scanner was $0{\sim}0.78cm$, $0.24{\sim}3.89cm^2$. The more distance and field from axis of central line increase, the more bigger the error value increases. There is a few mm error from standard point at the process which imput various information to apply MLC in clinic. and effective field did not have variation of monitor unit and dose owing to being a few cm2 error against real field. But there are some problem to shield critical organs because some part of target volume induced by the movement of organs can be not included, therefore we have to pay attention on the process to imput MLC layer

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2020

Purpose: Image artifacts caused by patient motion cause problems in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) because they lead to distortion of the 3-dimensional reconstruction. This prospective study was performed to quantify patient movement during CBCT acquisition and its influence on image quality. Materials and Methods: In total, 412 patients receiving CBCT imaging were equipped with a wireless head sensor system that detected inertial, gyroscopic, and magnetometric movements with 6 dimensions of freedom. The type and amplitude of movements during CBCT acquisition were evaluated and image quality was rated in 7 different anatomical regions of interest. For continuous variables, significance was calculated using the Student t-test. A linear regression model was applied to identify associations of the type and extent of motion with image quality scores. Kappa statistics were used to assess intra- and inter-rater agreement. Chi-square testing was used to analyze the impact of age and sex on head movement. Results: All CBCT images were acquired in a 10-month period. In 24% of the investigations, movement was recorded (acceleration: >0.10 [m/s²]; angular velocity: >0.018 [°/s]). In all examined regions of interest, head motion during CBCT acquisition resulted in significant impairment of image quality (P<0.001). Movement in the horizontal and vertical axes was most relevant for image quality (R²>0.7). Conclusion: Relevant head motions during CBCT imaging were frequently detected, leading to image quality loss and potentially impairing diagnosis and therapy planning. The presented data illustrate the need for digital correction algorithms and hardware to minimize motion artefacts in CBCT imaging.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.90-99
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• 2016

The present study investigates the realization of tourism culture welfare by using Confucian heritage. From June 13 to November 7, 2014, site surveys and interviews were conducted for hyanggo (hyanggo: Confucian temple and school to teach students in Joseon Dynasty period), seowon (seowon: a memorial hall for Confucianist services to honor distinguished scholars and statesmen) and nujung (nujung: outdoor pavilion or gazebo) located in Youngwol -gun. Questionnaire pertaining to site survey and in-depth interviews for the building owners and managers was used to collect necessary data and scientific investigation was performed for analysis. As a result, the historical background was found to be culturally valuable asset for both region's tourism and culture welfare. Secondly, hyanggyo and seowon were found to exhibit traditional Confucius cultural form, while nujung exhibited a rare architectural trait. Hence it seems necessary to develop a different social tourism resource specialized for nujung. Thirdly, the rendering of Confucius heritages to tourism culture welfare resources thus far seems to be insufficient; hence, development and operation of marketing programs will be necessary. The implications of the present study require succession and modern reinterpretation of Confucian heritages for further development into digital tourism that will encompass Confucian culture and today's culture. Furthermore, studies of the tourism culture welfare policies that will promote the co-existence with the region will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.113-137
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• 2018

This study examined relevant literature to review the concept of low-income class, its criteria and types. Based on the cases surveyed, the service status of public libraries for low-income class in South Korea was determined. Based on the findings of this study, we proposed new library services necessary for low-income class, such as the implementation of relevant programs aimed at resolving the digital information divide of low-income class, the introduction of employment programs for the self-economic-support for low-income class adults, and the introduction of reading and counseling therapy services. In addition, this study proposed five policies for activating library services for the low-income class: (1) To revise the act on library law so as to clarify the concept of low-income class, its criteria and types, (2) to revise the master plan for library development so as to bolster the library services for low-income class, (3) to conduct a national-level survey of the low-income class status and of the library service status, (4) to determine the actual features of the low-income class and their information demands, and (5) to prepare library services tailored to the diverse types of low-income class.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.475-481
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• 2019

A splint is one of assisting devices for the disabled with hemiplegia or contracture and is manually made by an experienced expert. Heated thermoplastic materials are continuously fitted to the affected part. This traditional method has a possible risk of low-temperature burn, quality variance of the splint due to the proficiency of maker. etc. While various approaches has been made using 3D printing technology in order to redeem those disadvantages, they still carry high cost issues with 3D scanners or accuracy issues with manual measurement. This research begins with symmetrical characteristics of human body and focuses on the preliminary study for the possibility of splint manufacturing with 3D printing technology based on geometric characteristics of unaffected arm. 3D right and left forearm models of healthy male adults were created by photogrammetry software and a series of digital images in order to measure the circumference and cross-sectional area of the forearm models at every 20mm from the elbow. The circumference and cross-sectional area showed tolerable levels of differences between both sides within subjects; The circumference and cross-sectional area showed very strong correlations between both sides within subjects. From these findings, the possibility of splint manufacturing with 3D printing technology could be confirmed based on the geometric characteristics of unaffected side.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2003

It is crucial to minimize setup errors of a cancer treatment machine using a high energy and to perform precise radiation therapy. Usually, port film has been used for verifying errors. The Korea Cancer Center Hospital (KCCH) has manufactured digital electronic portal imaging device (EPID) system to verify treatment machine errors as a Quality Assurance (Q.A) tool. This EPID was consisted of a metal/fluorescent screen, 45$^{\circ}$ mirror, a camera and an image grabber and could display the portal image with near real time KIRAMS has also made the acrylic phantom that has lead line of 1mm width for ligh/radiation field congruence verification and reference points phantom for using as an isocenter on portal image. We acquired portal images of 10$\times$10cm field size with this phantom by EPID and portal film rotating treatment head by 0.3$^{\circ}$, 0.6$^{\circ}$ and 0.9$^{\circ}$. To check field size, we acquired portal images with 18$\times$18cm, 19$\times$19cm and 20$\times$20cm field size with collimator angle 0$^{\circ}$ and 0.5$^{\circ}$ individually. We have performed Flatness comparison by displaying the line intensity from EPID and film images. The 0.6$^{\circ}$ shift of collimator angle was easily observed by edge detection of irradiated field size on EPID image. To the extent of one pixel (0.76mm) difference could be detected. We also have measured field size by finding optimal threshold value, finding isocenter, finding field edge and gauging distance between isocenter and edge. This EPID system could be used as a Q.A tool for checking field size, light/radiation congruence and flatness with a developed video based EPID.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.422-429
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• 2022

Objective : Extracranial supra-aortic dissections (ESADs) with severe stenosis, occlusion and/or pseudoaneurysm presents potential risk of stroke. Endovascular stenting to reconstruct non acute phase ESADs (NAP-ESADs) is an alternative to anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. However, its feasibility, safety and efficacy of stenting in NAP-ESADs is unclear. This study aims to investigate the long-term outcomes of the feasibility, safety and efficacy of stenting in NAP-ESADs. Methods : Seventy-four patients with 91 NAP-ESAD vessels with severe stenosis, occlusion and/or pseudoaneurysm presents potential risk of stroke who underwent stent remodeling were enrolled into this respective study from December 2008 to March 2020. Technical success rate, complications, clinical and angiographic results were harvested and analyzed. Results : Success rate of stent deployment was 99% (90/91) with no procedural mortality or morbidity. Transient ischemic attack occurred in three patients during operation (4.1%, 3/74). Asymptomatic embolisms of distal intracranial vessels were found in two patients (2.7%, 2/74). One hundred and forty-two stents deployed at 85 carotid (135 stents) and six vertebral (seven stents) vessels. Six stent types (Wingspan, 28/135, 20.7%; Solitaire, 10/135, 7.4%; Neuroform, 8/135, 5.9%; LVIS, 2/135, 1.5%; Precise, 75/135, 55.6%; Acculink, 12/135, 8.9%) were deployed at carotid arterial dissection while two types (Wingspan, 5/7, 71.4%; Solitaire 2/7, 28.6%) at vertebral arterial dissection. Digital subtracted angiography (56%, 51/91), computational tomography angiography (41.8%, 38/91) and high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (2.2%, 2/91) were adopted for follow up, with a mean time of 17.2±15.4 months (5-77). All patient modified Rankin Scale scores showed no increase at discharge or follow-up. Angiographically, dissections in 86 vessels in 69 patients (94.5%, 86/91) were completely reconstructed with only minor remnant dissections in four vessels in four patients (4.4%, 4/91). Severe re-stenosis in the stented segment required re-stenting in one patient (1.1%, 1/91). Conclusion : Stent remodeling technique provides feasible, safe and efficacious treatment of ESADs patients with severe stenosis, occlusion and/or pseudoaneurysm.