• Title/Summary/Keyword: Digital Pen

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Validity and Reliability of New Digital Navicular Drop Test Equipment in Young People

  • Park, Jin-Seong;Park, Du-Jin
    • PNF and Movement
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.279-285
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: This study aimed to develop new digital navicular drop test (ND-NDT) equipment and to determine its validity and reliability. Methods: A total of 24 healthy male and female adults, who fully understood the purpose of the study and gave consent to participate in the study, were selected as participants. The NDT and ND-NDT were conducted in the dominant foot of the participants in a random order. For the NDT, the position of the navicular bone was marked with a pen first; then, the height of the navicular bone from the ground was measured in both sitting and standing positions. For the ND-NDT, after the sticker-type reflection markers were attached to the position of the navicular bone, the height of the navicular bone from the ground was measured in both sitting and standing positions. To assess the validity of the diagnostic tests, the same examiner measured the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) three times in both the sitting and standing positions. To assess the inter-rater reliability of the ND-NDT, three examiners, in a random order, attached the sticker-type reflection markers to the position of the navicular bone and then measured the height of the MLA in both positions. Results: In the sitting position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two diagnostic tests was very high (r = 0.97) and statistically significant. In the standing position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two tests was 0.95, which was also statistically significant. The ICC2,1 values in the sitting and standing positions were 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, indicating significantly high inter-rater reliability. Conclusion: The ND-NDT equipment showed very high diagnostic validity, as well as excellent inter-rater reliability, indicating the clinical usefulness of the equipment as a diagnostic system for confirming pes planus.

Study on the Pixel Design for the Prerrue-stable Fringe-field Switching (FFS) Mode with 3 Slit Structure (압력에 안정한 3분할 FFS 모드의 화소 설계에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Mi-Sook;Seen, Seung-Min;Jung, Yeon-Hak;Kim, Hayng-Yuil;Kim, Seo-Yoon;Lim, Young-Jin;Lee, Seung-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.18 no.7
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    • pp.647-651
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    • 2005
  • We studied the external pressure-stable advanced frnge field switching (FFS) pixel design with 3 slit sructue. In this mode, a patterned pixel slit is partitioned into 3 areas, namely, two edges and a center, where the edge slit angle is larger than the center slit angle. Thus the reverse twist region in the pixel edge is reduced comparing to the conventional FFS mode so that the LC dynamics in this region becomes very stable. And also, when the external pressure is applied to the panel at the high voltage, the disclination lines (DLs) were barely intruded into active area. Therefore, the structure is use for the pen based system such as the tablet personal computer (PC), personal digital asistant (PDA).

Gesture Environment for Pen-based PDA System (펜 기반 PDA 시스템을 위한 제스쳐(gesture)환경)

  • 박재필;조환규
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2001.04b
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    • pp.451-453
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    • 2001
  • 제스쳐(gesture)는 마우스 또는 스타일러스의 난일 표시(single mark)를 이용하여 객체들과 기능들을 식별하는 문서 편집 도구의 강력한 방법들 주 하나이다. 마우스를 위한 제스쳐는 주로 데스크 팁 기반의 환경을 위해 개발되어지고 스타일러스를 위한 제스쳐는 보통 휴대용 컴퓨터를 위해 개발되어진다[2]. 현대는 PDA(Personal Digital Assistant)시스템의 스타일러스를 위한 제스쳐 개발이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다.[3]. 하지만 PDA 시스템에서는 인식에 의한 문자 입력의 보조 도구 정도의 수준에서 제스쳐가 사용되어진다. 본 논문에서는 PDA 시스템에서 사용되는 키보드의 키 역할을 하는 기존의 제스쳐와는 달리 사용자 입력과 제스쳐에 차별을 두지 않고 한 화면에서 직접적이 제스쳐가 가능한 환경을 개발하고 다양한 제스쳐 인식 방법을 제안한다. PDA 시스템에서의 제약을 최소화하기 위해 펜 기반의 입력에서 각 스트록을 간략화시켜 정보를 최소호 한 뒤 각 스트록을 양방향 연결 리스트를 이용해 연결하였다. 제스쳐(gesture)는 삽입, 삭제의 기본적인 것들을 비롯하여 이동, 복사, 붙임과 같은 제스쳐도 포함되어 있다. 제스쳐(gesture)의 인식은 각 스트록의 바운딩 박스와 점들의 위치 정보, 스트록 생성 순서에 기반하여 이루어지기 때문에, 이로 인해 펜 기반의문서 에디터 사용에서 요구되는 다른 제약 없이 오로지 펜만으로 모두 편집 환경을 구현할 수 있다.

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A Hangul Script Matching Algorithm for PDA (PDA상에서의 한글 필기체 매칭 알고리즘)

  • Cho, Mi-Gyung;Cho, Hwan-Gue
    • Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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    • v.29 no.10
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    • pp.684-693
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    • 2002
  • Electronic Ink is a stored data in the form of the handwritten text or the script without converting it into ASCII by handwritten recognition on the pen-based computers and Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs) for supporting natural and convenient data input. One of the most Important issue is to search the electronic ink in order to use it. We proposed and implemented a script matching algorithm for the electronic ink. Proposed matching algorithm separated the input stroke into a set of primitive stroke using the curvature of the stroke curve. After determining the type of separated strokes, it produced a stroke feature vector. And then it calculated the distance between the stroke feature vector of input strokes and one of strokes in the database using the dynamic programming technique. We did various experiments and our algorithm showed high matching rate over 97.7% for only the Korean script and 94% for the data mixed Korean with the Chinese character.

Effect of alternative farrowing pens with temporary crating on the performance of lactating sows and their litters

  • Si Nae, Cheon;So Hee, Jeong;Guem Zoo, Yoo;Se Jin, Lim;Chan Ho, Kim;Gul Won, Jang;Jung Hwan, Jeon
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.64 no.3
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    • pp.574-587
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    • 2022
  • This study was performed to development the alternative farrowing pen (AFP) and to investigate performance and behavior of lactating sows and their litter. A total of 64 multiparous sows were randomly divided into two groups and were allocated to farrowing crates (FCs) and AFPs. The AFPs contained a crate and support bars that could be folded to provide the sows with extra space on day 5 postpartum. Behavior was recorded by charge-coupled device cameras and digital video recorders, and the data were scanned every 2 min to obtain an instantaneous behavioral sample. Farrowing systems did not affect feed intake, back-fat thickness, litter size and piglet weight at birth and weaning (p > 0.05). In addition, there were no differences in the number of crushed piglets between the two farrowing systems (p > 0.05). However, the weaning-to-estrus interval was shorter in the sows of the AFPs than in thous of the FCs (p < 0.05). The sows spent most of their time lying down during the lactating period, at about 80% lateral recumbency and 10%-15% ventral recumbency. The only significant differences were in the feeding and drinking behavior between sows in the two farrowing systems (p < 0.05). The FC sows displayed more feeding and drinking behavior than the AFP sows, especially in the late lactating period (p < 0.05). Piglets in the FCs tended to spend more time walking than piglets in the AFPs (p < 0.05), whereas there were no differences in suckling and lying behavior between piglets in the two farrowing systems (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the AFPs with temporary crating until day 4 postpartum did not negatively affect performance and crushed piglet compared with the FCs. It also may improve animal welfare by allowing sows to move and turn around during the lactating period. Further research is needed to find suitable housing designs to enhance productivity and animal welfare.

Wearable Computers

  • Cho, Gil-Soo;Barfield, Woodrow;Baird, Kevin
    • Fiber Technology and Industry
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.490-508
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    • 1998
  • One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.

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Color-based Stippling for Non-Photorealistic Rendering (비사실적 렌더링 (NPR)을 위한 컬러기반 점묘화 기법)

  • Jang Seok;Hong Hyun-Ki
    • Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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    • v.33 no.1_2
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    • pp.128-136
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    • 2006
  • The stippling techniques, which represent objects with numerous points using pen and ink. The previous stippling techniques for Non-Photorsealistc Rendering(NPR) use single-colored points to represent the tone of gray image ur the material of surface. This paper presents a new stippling technique with various colored points based on the analysis of color information. By using the color information of the input image on HSV model, we define the color weight function that allows to determine automatically the number and size of points. The color jittering based on Munsell's color model can generate stippling drawings using various colored points to represent the image. Our color stippling method is expected to be used in many areas such as animation, digital art, video processing and CG tool.

The effect of temperature and breeding density of piggery on the collection of oral fluid in Korea (국내 양돈장의 사육 온도와 밀사율이 구강액 채취율에 미치는 영향)

  • Byeon, Hyeon Seop;Kim, Mihwa;Kwon, Sungae;Han, Mina;Han, Sung Tae;Jang, Rae Hoon;Chung, Yun-Soo;Kim, Seokhyun;Jeon, Bo-Young
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.217-225
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    • 2021
  • We investigated the effect of temperature and stock density on the collection efficiency of oral fluid in the pig farm in Korea. Three pig farms with similar breeding environmental conditions were selected and four pens of each farm (total 12 pens) were tested for the collection efficiency of oral fluid from pigs. Collection rate was considered as significant when oral fluid was collected from 70% of pigs within a pen. In the case of growing pigs, when internal temperature of pig barn increased by one designated degree (5℃), the oral fluid collection rate significantly decreased by 24.7% (P<0.05). The collection rate of oral fluid also decreased by 7.1% (P<0.05) as the density rate increase by one designated degree (12.5%). It was estimated that the collection efficiency of oral fluid decreased when the internal temperature of pig barn was 30℃ or higher, or barn density is higher 25% or high. On the other hand, in the case of stall-housing sows, unlike growing pigs, there was no significant differences according to the temperature, so oral fluid collection was considered to be efficient even in hot season.

Augmented Reality Board Game System and PGA (실감형 보드게임 시스템과 PGA)

  • Han, Eun-Jung;Kim, Ki-Rack;Lee, Jang-Hyung;Yoo, Chang-Hyuk
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.163-173
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    • 2011
  • In this paper, we propose a new paradigm of augmented reality board game environment and a portable game assistant(PGA) which can help gamers with strategy information. Previous AR board games consist of a private and public space. The public space provides rules of the game and shows the scene of game. And the gamers control game pieces in the public space. The previous games use the RFIDs for recognizing positions of the pieces, and the VR/AR environment for providing the scene of the game. However the RFIDs are expansive, and the VR/AR environment is inconvenient because it uses additional devices: the DataGlove, the digital pen, and the HMD. The proposed system recognizes positions of real pieces using the computer vision technique, and uses a monitor to provide dynamic effects. In the private space, previous systems provide entire screen of game and position of specific pieces, but cannot be controled the pieces by gamers. Therefore, in this system, we provide PGA that helps the user to plan of the strategy individually using universally mobile. The PGA helps to plan the strategy in the individual area, and to play easily in the side of the user's convenience.

A STUDY ON THE THERMAL DIFFUSION THROUGH VARIOUS THICKNESS OF BASE AND RESTORATION MATERIALS (수복물(修復物)과 양장재(襄裝材)의 열확산(熱擴散)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Yoon, Dong-Ho;Park, Sang-Jin;Min, Byung-Soon;Choi, Ho-Young
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.77-88
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    • 1985
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the thermal diffusion through bases and restorations. The three principle types of base and two restorative materials were included in this study. They were representive brands of a zinc phosphate cement, a zinc oxide-eugenol cement, a calcium hydroxide paste, an amalgam and a composite resin (table 1). The specimens were prepared by placing the bases or restorative materials in laminated plastic molds. 5-mm diameter holes were prepared in the center of square of plastics which were 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0mm thick respectively (fig. 1). All materials were manipulated in accordance with manufacturer's recommended proportions. All experimental procedures were carried out dividing them into eight different groups (table 2). Thermal diffusion was measured by means of digital thermometer (DP-100, RKC. instrument Inc. JAPAN) with the surface thermocouple placed on bottom surface of the specimen applying a constant source of heat and cold to the top surface of the each specimen. The thermal stimulus temperature applied on the each specimen surface was in the range of $60^{\circ}C$, $0^{\circ}C$ and $-50^{\circ}C$ respectively. The thermal change were recorded automatically on the multi-Pen recorder (R-16, Rikadenki, Co. JAPAN) connected with thermocouple tips which were centered on the bottom of the specimen. The following results were as follows, 1. Temperature diffusion was highest through amalgam and slowest through the composite resin. 2. As the thickness of restorations increased, the temperature change was decreased. 3. Thermal diffusion was slowest in the presence of zinc oxide-eugenol bases, followed by calcium hydroxide and zinc phosphate cement. 4. The efficiency of the cement bases in providing thermal insulation was dependent on their thickness beneath the restorations. 5. Thermal change was great in the range of $60^{\circ}C$ and $-50^{\circ}C$, but little in the range of $0^{\circ}C$.

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