• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.260-266
• /
• 2011

Objectives The second to fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D) is known to reflect testosterone level during intrauterine period. Testosterone is essential for masculinization of brain. Cloninger's type II alcoholism is characterized by early age at onset and largely limited to males. Compared with type I alcoholism, type II alcoholism is thought to be masculine. There is a possibility that the digit ratio of type II alcoholism is low compared with type I. We examined digit length ratio in Cloninger's type I and II alcoholism to understand the effects of intrauterine testosterone on the development of alcoholism. Methods The participants were 87 alcohol dependent patients. We divided two subtypes of patients by Irwin's symptom list, based on Cloninger's concept. We captured the images of both palms by the scanner and measured the lengths of digits by the graphic program. Then we analyzed the digit ratios by independent-sample t-test. Results The mean 2D : 4D of type I was 0.942 (right), 0.952 (left). The mean 2D : 4D of type II was 0.927 (right), 0.940 (left). In both hands, 2D : 4D of type II was significantly lower than type I. Conclusions Type II alcoholism showed masculine type of digit length ratio compared with type I. It suggests the exposure of testosterone during intrauterine period might play an important role in determining the course and feature of alcoholism.

• MALSORI
• /
• no.50
• /
• pp.123-137
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we consider the implementation of connected digit recognition system using tree structured lexicon model. To implement efficiently the fixed or variable length digit recognition system, finite state network (FSN) is required. We merge the word network algorithm that implements the FSN with lexical tree search algorithm that is used for general speech recognition system for fast search and large vocabulary systems. To find the efficient modeling of digit recognition system, we investigate some performance changes when the lexical tree search is applied.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2010

Background The length of the second digit (the index finger) relative to the length of the fourth digit (the ring finger) is sexually dimorphic as males have a lower second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D). There is evidence that sex differences in 2D:4D arise from in utero concentrations of sex steroids, with a low 2D:4D (male typical ratio) being positively related to prenatal testosterone, while a high 2D:4D (female typical ratio) is positively associated with prenatal oestrogen Objective To investigate possible associations between 2D:4D ratio and sexually dimorphic body composition Methods 2D:4D ratio, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), weight, and body fat percentage was measured from 46 men and 20 women Results Digit ratio was found to be significantly lower in men than in women. No significant correlation between 2D:4D ratio and body compositions was found for both men and women while digit ratio in obese men was significantly higher than normal weight men. Conclusion This finding dose not support the significant correlation between digit ratio and sexually dimorphic body composition. However digit ratio in obese men was significantly higher than normal weight men.

• MALSORI
• /
• no.45
• /
• pp.47-61
• /
• 2003

In this paper, we consider the implementation of connected digit recognition system and the several approaches to improve its performance. To implement efficiently the fixed or variable length digit recognition system, finite state network (FSN) is required. We merge the word network algorithm that implements the FSN with one pass dynamic programming search algorithm that is used for general speech recognition system for fast search. To find the efficient modeling of digit recognition system, we perform some experiments along the various conditions to affect the performance and summarize the results.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2014

Background: In the present study, we examined gender roles, job satisfaction, and the relationship between the two among orthopedic manual physical therapists (OMT). Methods: The subject of this study was 208 physical therapists working in the general hospital and rehabilitation in Daejeon. In order to examine the nature of the subject, we calculated the ratio of second finger length for fourth finger of predominant hand and completed the questionnaire to determine the general characteristics and job satisfaction. Results: The OMT and NOMT (non OMT) digit ratio results were not significantly different (p>.05). Digit ratio based on gender was also not significantly different between groups (p>.05). Among the job satisfaction survey items, OMT was significantly higher than NOMT in terms of Pride, Reflection of opinions, aptitude match, and field satisfaction (p<.05); however, there were no significant differences between groups for the remaining items. Digit ratio was not significantly related to any of the job satisfaction items (p>.05). Conclusions: We determined that gender roles had a limited influence on selecting and continuing with orthopedic physical therapy.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ digit length ratio(2D : 4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait regardless of ethnicity and shows sex differences. According to previous research, men usually have a relatively shorter $2^{nd}$ digit than $4^{th}$ digit. There is tendency that men with lower 2D : 4D are perceived as being more masculine and tend to perform better in some physical sports. Furthermore, 2D : 4D is negatively associated with trait aggression. In this study, we examine gender difference of 2D : 4D and compare 2D:4D of female Korean national team members to 2D : 4D of control subjects. Besides that, we also compare 2D : 4D of female Korean national team members according to their sports entries. Methods : The sample of this study is 396 people, 67 female Korean national team member, 216 control women and 113 control men. We measured $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ digit length of their right hand. In addition, we collected demographic information of female Korean national team members using a self-report questionnaire. Results : The mean 2D : 4D of female Korean national team members is 0.96(SD=0.04), smaller than control women's 2D : 4D(0.97, SD=0.03) and significantly higher than control men's 2D : 4D(0.95, SD=0.03). We also found differences between control men and women. Non-martial arts related sports athletes have significant difference with control men in 2D : 4D. However, martial arts related sports athletes' 2D : 4D is not significantly different from other groups, including control men. Conclusion : These results are consistent with the findings of previous research that there is a significant difference between men and women in their 2D : 4D. Furthermore, 2D : 4D of martial arts related sports athletes have not shown any difference from the 2D : 4D of control men that 2D : 4D of non-martial arts related athletes have shown. This fact is important in consideration of masculine characteristics. For further research, it is necessary to examine 2D : 4D difference according to sport ability and gender differences.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.237-241
• /
• 2002

In this paper, we describe how to represent hand witten decimal digits by a sequence of one to five fuzzy sets. Each fuzzy set represents an arc segment of the digit and is a Cartesian product of four fuzzy sets; the first is fur the arc length of the segment, the second is for the arc direction, the third is fur the arc shape, and the fourth is a crisp number indicating whether it has a junction point and if it has an end point of a stroke. We show that an arbitrary pair of these sequences representing two different digits is mutually disjoint. We also show that various forms of a digit written in different styles can be represented by the same sequence of fuzzy sets and hence the deviations due to different writers can be modeled by using these fuzzy sets.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2005

A glove design which reflects the changes in hand surface by hand motion can reduce the undesirable effects of use of gloves on hand performance. The present study examined changes in hand length dimensions due to hand motion and identified significant factors affecting the length changes. Recruiting 120 males and females in their 20s and 30s having various hand lengths, this study measured 10 hand length dimensions, defined at 2 hand areas(phalangeal and metacarpal areas) for 5 digits, when the hand is stretched and in fist, and then calculated the percentage of length increase for each dimension. ANOVA and simple-effect analyses showed the length change percentages were mainly different depending on digit and hand area: 111-127% at the phalangeal area and 112-116% at the metacarpal area. The length change percentages of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers in the phalangeal area ascended in order and showed a high correlation(r = 0.94)with the ranges of motion of the fingers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.409-410
• /
• 2012

낮은 악력과 높은 악력으로 2등분 했을 때, 손가락 비율(2D:4D)에 대해 낮은 악력을 가진 남자가 높은 악력을 가진 남자보다 더 높은 2D:4D 비율을 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 이론을 토대로, 국내 대학생 중 축구선수를 대상으로 손가락 비율(2D:4D)과 체력과의 상관관계를 분석해보고자 한다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.10A
• /
• pp.1764-1771
• /
• 2001

It has developed a PCM signal acquisition(PCMA) system which can analyze status of signals in order to establish rapid diagnosing in TDX-families signaling service equipment. We develop the quick Fourier transform(QFT) for length 2$\^$M/ data to analyze the power spectral of the PCMA system. This algorithm can reduces the number of floating-point operations necessary to compute the DFT by a factor of two or four over direct methods or Goertzels method for prime lengths. In the experimental results, the system classifies the type of signals and finally discriminates the digit.