• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2006

Defatted rice polishings (DRP) was subjected to chemical treatments i.e., 0.4 N HCl, and 6% $H_2O_2$, with or without physical treatment i.e. extrusion cooking. The treated DRP was evaluated chemically and biologically using male broiler chicks (108) of approximately uniform weight, selected out of 220 chicks, previously fed on commercial diets for 7 days as a settlement period. The chicks were then divided into 36 experimental units of 3 chicks each. Each experimental diet was randomly allotted to three experimental units and fed for 10 days to broiler chicks. The experimental diets were designated as A (Commercial), B (10% HCl treated DRP), C (20% HCl treated DRP), D (10% HCl plus extruded DRP), E (20% HCl plus extruded DRP), F (10% $H_2O_2$ DRP) and G (20% $H_2O_2$ DRP), H (10% $H_2O_2$ plus extrusion DRP) and I (20% $H_2O_2$ plus extrusion DRP), J (10% untreated DRP), K (20% untreated DRP) and L (Protein free). The birds fed on diet L were used to measure the endogenous nitrogen loss. The biological evaluations of diets containing differently treated DRP were compared with a commercial feed and feeds containing untreated defatted rice polishings. It was observed that these treatments liberated bound nutrients, making them more accessible to the normal digestive enzymes and increased their apparent nutrient availability. This process probably also detoxified the anti-nutritive factors i.e. phytates, lectin, trypsin inhibitor present in DRP. The results of the feeding trials revealed that diets containing 6% $H_2O_2$ treated DRP showed better weight gain, feed consumption and utilization, protein efficiency and digestibility, biological value and net protein utilization than all other treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.310-319
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• 2012

In order to investigate the biological effects of conformational changes in the folding state of bovine ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin (${\alpha}$-La), the protein was prepared and classified as apo form, microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) added form, or bovine ${\alpha}$-La made lethal to tumor cell (BAMLET) form. Apo ${\alpha}$-La form showed weaker cancer cell inhibitory activity (apoptosis) than native ${\alpha}$-La, which suggests that the metal ion-like $Ca^{2+}$ had a positive effect, whereas BAMLET form showed strong cancer cell apoptotic activity. The BAMLET form seemed to be a molten globule structure that increased hydrophobicity. MTGase added to apo ${\alpha}$-La polymer showed similar anti-cancer activity as native ${\alpha}$-La, and it was well hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes. NMR results showed that BAMLET interacted with oleic acid and produced a complex.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.69-82
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• 1976

Tablet product design problem was structured as constrained optimization problem and subsequently solved by multiple regression analysis and Lagrangian method of optimization. We used Lagrangian method for the purpose of finding the reason of the previous results. Biodiastase and cellulase were the enzymes, chosen, $Avicel{\circledR}$ and corn starch or calcium carboxy methyl cellulose were the binder and disintegrant, respectively. The effect of the dry binder and disintegrant concentration on tablet hardness, friability, volume, disintegration time was recorded. Optimization of this parameter was studied by using the constrained optimization method. In addition to finding a optimal condition of the enzyme tablets, the application of sensitivity analysis studies to such problems was also illustrated. In order to get a stable preparations of the enzyme tablets, accelerated test of coating tablets was carried out in this study. the results are as follows. 1) The minimum disintegration time, such that the average tablet volume did not exceed 0.0154 cubic inch and the average friability value did not exceed 0.62%, was 6.6 minutes and then $Avicel{\circledR}$ and corn starch were 15.4% and 17.2%, respectively. 2) The multiple-correlation coefficients for the regression models of tablet hardness, friability, disintegration time and volume were with in the 95% confidence range. 3) According to the test results, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose can be used as a disintegrant instead of corn starch.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 1994

Applications of liposomes as a drug carrier for the oral delivery of poorly-absorbable macromolecular drugs have been limited, because of their instability in gastrointestinal environments including pH, bile salts, and digestive enzymes. Two polysaccharides, dextran(DX) and pullulan(PL), were introduced to the preformed liposomes in order to enhance the stability. Palmitoyl derivatives of polysaccharides, palmitoyldextran(PalDX) and palmitoylpullulan(PalPL), were synthesizd and introduced to the liposomes during preparation for the same purpose of stability. The effects of these polysaccharides coating were evaluated basically by physical properties of particle size distribution and optical microscopy, then compared with uncoated liposomes by the observations of both in vitro stability and in vovo absorption characteristics. The geometric mean diameters of polysaccharide-coated liposomes were greater than that of uncoated liposome, showing the outermost polysaccharide-coated layer under the optical microscopy. In vitro stabilities of uncoated or polysaccharides-coated liposomes were measured by turbidity changes in various pH buffer solutions containing sodium choleate as bile salts. While uncoated liposome was very sensitive to bile salts, polysaccharides-coated liposomes were stable in relatively higher concentrations of sodium choleate, giving the results of better stability of PalDX- and PalPL-coated liposomes than that of DX- and PL-coated liposomes. After liposomal encapsulation of acyclovir(ACV), an antiviral agent as a model drug, it has been administered orally to rats as dose of ACV 40 mg/kg. Plasma concentrations of ACV were assayed by HPLC and analyzed by model-independent pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Cmax, tmax, and [AUC] have been compared.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of cooking methods on the digestibility of lipids and formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in pork, during in vitro human digestion. Pork patties were cooked using four different methods (oven cooking, pan frying, boiling, and microwaving), to an internal temperature of approximately $85^{\circ}C$. The digestibility of pork patties were then evaluated, using the in vitro human digestion model that simulated the composition (pH, minerals, surfaceactive components, and enzymes) of digestive juices in the human mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The total lipid digestibility was higher after microwave cooking, whereas pan-frying resulted in lower in vitro digestibility, compared to the other cooking methods. The microwaving method followed by in vitro digestion also showed significantly higher content of free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), compared to the other cooking methods; whereas, the pan frying and boiling methods showed the lowest. Cholesterol content was not significantly different among the cooked samples before, and after in vitro human digestion. The formation of COPs was significantly higher in the microwave-treated pork samples, compared to those cooked by the other methods, which was consistent with the trend for lipid peroxidation (TBARS). We propose that from the point of view of COPs formation and lipid oxidation, the pan-frying or boiling methods would be useful.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2012

Guava ($Psidium$ $guajava$) contain a great deal of polyphenol compound and work on the treatment of $Diabetes$ $mellitus$ effectively. In this study, the bioactivities of aqueous extract (GLEx) of guava leaf were investigated. Total phenolic contents of GLEx was 266.9 mg tan/g. The effects of GLEx on digestive enzymes, ${\alpha}$-amylase, maltase and sucrase were investigated. $IC_{50}$ values of GLEx against ${\alpha}$-amylase, maltase and sucrase were 0.65 mg/$m{\ell}$, 2.0 mg/$m{\ell}$ and 3.5 mg/$m{\ell}$ respectively. The effect of GLEx on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in normal ICR mouse, control (dstilled water) and GLEx (aqueous extract of Guava leaf) were co-administered orally with glucose, showed reducing effect on the blood glucose level. The guava is likely to useful for prevention or improvement of hyperglycemia by lowering the blood glucose level and inhibiting glycoside hydrolase activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of theory of the deficiency of yin-yang in the spleen-stomach(脾胃). The spleen-stomach theory is a very valuable composition of the oriental medicine. Its first theoretical basis was established by Li Dong Yuan(李東垣) who wrote Piweilun("脾胃論"). He insisted the importance of spleen yang(脾陽) which is the "postnatal base of life" by transforming and transporting of food essence and fluids and raises the clear. After him, his theory had influenced many descendant medical men. one of them, Ye Tian Shi(葉天士) found out the differences of between stomach and spleen. Especially he focused on the stomach yin(胃陰) which is easy to be exhausted by dry-fire(燥火). And he also made another remedy, "the stomach yang should be moved well(宣通胃陽)", which emphasize on that cold and stagnant cause the deficiency of the stomach yang. After that, spleen yin(脾陰) theory was set up by Tang Zong Hai(唐宗海). His spleen yin(脾陰) was deeply related with digestive enzymes and pancreas, because his theory was established by comparing oriental and western medicine. These four theories became the theoretical basis of the deficiency of yin-yang in the spleen-stomach(脾胃), and similar symptom of the spleen-stomach(脾胃) could be categorized according to the pattern identification(辨證) which was developed from these four theory.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.167-171
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• 2004

We constructed an oligo-d(T) primed directional cDNA library from the Bombyx mandarina whole larvae. In an effort to isolate genes expressed in the B. mandarina, 227 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated by single-pass sequencing from the cDNA library. Sequence analysis showed that 107 clones (47.1%) were classified into known genes and 120 clones (52.9%) were novel transcripts, which are unknown for their function. Of the 107 known genes, the most abundant gene was found to be actin and followed by serine protease in the expression profile. Among these clones, a serine protease homolog (BmSP) which is a class of proteolytic enzymes isolated. Full-length sequence of the BmSP cDNA clone was 922 bp in length and has an open reading frame of 276 amino acids. The conserved histidine, aspatic acid and serine residues forming the catalytic center as well as cysteine residues contributing to three disulphide bonds also were found in Bmsp gene. mRNA expression analysis revealed a high and specific expression of the gene only in midgut tissue, suggesting that BmSP gene is closely associated with the expression of digestive enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 2002

'Probiotics' as a live microbial feed supplementation which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its microbial balance and it is known to as a substitue for antibiotics in livestock feed industry. Lactic acid bacteria as a Lactobacillus sp. is formed acid and decrease pH in gastro-intestine that is result in suppress harmful microorganism. Lactobacillus sp. also produces vitamin and a variety amino acids. Yeast as a saccharomyces sp. secretes digestive enzymes, decreases ammonia emission and increases feed palatability by alcohol and glutamic acid. The effects of dietary probiotics in monogastric animals that improve weight gain and feed efficiency ratio and decrease diarrhea accurence frequency in pigs. Also, probiotics increase egg production ratio and beneficial microorganisms in laying hens. In broiler, they have more gain weight and lower blood cholesterol concentrations by probiotics. However, the other study reported probiotics supplementation in animal diets has no effect on ADG, G/F or performance. Thus, future study in these area will allow for more efficient use of the probiotics, selection of more superior microorganism and development of more efficient environment-friendly probiotics like a photosynthetic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.867-874
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• 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease due to wear caused by the continuous use of cartilage. Although many drugs for treating OA are being studied, they have side effects, such as digestive disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Glucosamine, a drug derived from natural products, is known to be less effective. Therefore, the marine organism, Sargassum fulvellum, was studied to determine whether it contains substances with a chondroprotective effect on the inflammatory response of chondrocytes induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). A 30% ethanol extract of S. fulvellum (SF30%EtOH) has therapeutic and few side effects. We first confirmed the presence of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is expressed during inflammatory reactions. We then examined the expression of collagen type II, which is the main component of the extracellular matrix and cartilage. Finally, the expression of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, MMPs and ADAMTS-4 and -5, was confirmed. The results showed that SF30%EtOH reduced the expression levels of NO, iNOS, MMPs, and ADAMT-4 and -5, and increased the expression level of collagen type II in chondrocytes induced with IL-1β. Therefore, SF30%EtOH has a chondroprotective effect against inflammation, indicating its potential use for the prevention and treatment of OA.