• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.645-646
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• 2015

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or neurotransmitters in the bone marrow microenvironment has been known to regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions such as self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. However, the specific role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in this process remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that NPY deficient mice have significantly reduced HSC numbers and impaired bone marrow regeneration due to apoptotic destruction of SNS fibers and/or endothelial cells. Moreover, NPY treatment prevented bone marrow impairments in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced SNS injury, while conditional knockout mice lacking the Y1 receptor in macrophages did not restore bone marrow dysfunction in spite of NPY injection. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) secreted by NPY-mediated Y1 receptor stimulation in macrophages plays a key role in neuroprotection and HSC survival in the bone marrow. Therefore, this study reveals a new role of NPY in bone marrow HSC microenvironment, and provides an insight into the therapeutic application of this neuropeptide.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.479-492
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• 2014

According to Krutetskii, the education of mathematically gifted students must be focused on the improvement of creative mathematical ability and the mathematically gifted students need to experience the research process like mathematician. Independent study is highly encouraged as the self-directed activity of highest level in the learning process which is similar to research process used by experts. We conducted independent study as a viable differentiation technique for gifted middle school students in the 3rd grade, which participated in mentorship program for 10 months. Based on the data through the research process, interview with a study participant and his parents, and his blog, we analyzed mathematical behavior characteristics of a study participant. This behavior characteristics are not found in all mathematically gifted students. But through this case study, we understand mathematically gifted students better and furthermore obtain the message for the selection and education of the mathematically gifted students and for the effective method of running mentorship program particularly.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.126-140
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• 2022

Stem cells can be applied usefully in basic research and clinical field due to their differentiation and self-renewal capacity. The aim of this study was to establish an effective novel therapeutic cellular source and create its molecular expression profile map to elucidate the possible therapeutic mechanism and signaling pathway. We successfully obtained a mesenchymal stem cell population from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultured on chemically defined feeder-free conditions and treated with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and performed the expressive proteomic approach to elucidate the molecular basis. We further selected 12 differentially expressed proteins in CTGF-induced hESC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (C-hESC-MSCs), which were found to be involved in the metabolic process, immune response, cell signaling, and cell proliferation, as compared to bone marrow derived-MSCs(BM-MSCs). Moreover, these up-regulated proteins were potentially related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results suggest that C-hESC-MSCs are a highly proliferative cell population, which can interact with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; thus, due to the upregulated cell survival ability or downregulated apoptosis effects of C-hESC-MSCs, these can be used as an unlimited cellular source in the cell therapy field for a higher therapeutic potential. Overall, the study provided valuable insights into the molecular functioning of hESC derivatives as a valuable cellular source.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.120-131
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to suggest the repositioning strategy for Korean character/career women's wear brands by comparing them with masstige brands. The subjects were 240 Women in their twenties and early forties in Seoul and the metropolitan area. The data had been collected by self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by frequency and biplot. The results of the study were as follows: (1) The brand preference was 'Time'(33.3%), 'Michaa'(12.5%), and then 'Mine'(8.8%) in sequence; (2) For brand differentiation, the attributes of 'store image', 'comfortableness', 'brand reputation', and 'promotion' were found out to be important in sequence; (3) The national character/career brands were favored by theirs 'store image', 'quality', and 'design', while imported masstige brands were favored by theirs 'comfortableness', 'brand reputation', 'promotion', and 'perceived price'; (4) Among brands, 'Time' had been highly evaluated, but comparatively showed weakness on 'perceived price', 'comfortableness', and 'promotion'.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2013

Background: Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for development of lung cancer. Identification of effects of tobacco on airway gene expression may provide insight into the causes. This research aimed to compare gene expression of large airway epithelium cells in normal smokers (n=13) and non-smokers (n=9) in order to find genes which discriminate the two groups and assess cigarette smoking effects on large airway epithelium cells.Materials and Methods: Genes discriminating smokers from non-smokers were identified by applying a neural network clustering method, growing self-organizing maps (GSOM), to microarray data according to class discrimination scores. An index was computed based on differentiation between each mean of gene expression in the two groups. This clustering approach provided the possibility of comparing thousands of genes simultaneously. Results: The applied approach compared the mean of 7,129 genes in smokers and non-smokers simultaneously and classified the genes of large airway epithelium cells which had differently expressed in smokers comparing with non-smokers. Seven genes were identified which had the highest different expression in smokers compared with the non-smokers group: NQO1, H19, ALDH3A1, AKR1C1, ABHD2, GPX2 and ADH7. Most (NQO1, ALDH3A1, AKR1C1, H19 and GPX2) are known to be clinically notable in lung cancer studies. Furthermore, statistical discriminate analysis showed that these genes could classify samples in smokers and non-smokers correctly with 100% accuracy. With the performed GSOM map, other nodes with high average discriminate scores included genes with alterations strongly related to the lung cancer such as AKR1C3, CYP1B1, UCHL1 and AKR1B10. Conclusions: This clustering by comparing expression of thousands of genes at the same time revealed alteration in normal smokers. Most of the identified genes were strongly relevant to lung cancer in the existing literature. The genes may be utilized to identify smokers with increased risk for lung cancer. A large sample study is now recommended to determine relations between the genes ABHD2 and ADH7 and smoking.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.105-159
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• 2021

The Red Book is a personal record that contains Jung's psychological self-experiment and describes his own experiences of the individuation process. Throughout The Red Book, Jung describes how he got caught by the spirit of the depths and dethroned the spirit of this time, how he regained his lost soul by getting to the bottom of inner processes, how he differentiated the soul upon encountering the various aspects of his soul, and finally how he confronted God approaching Jung in the form of the divine opposites. The spirit of the depths as a personification of the collective unconscious caught up with Jung and launched him into the individuation process. The spirit of the depths was "the God yet to come". Jung realized that he had been driven by the collective spirit of his time and then set off on a journey into a new territory of life under the guidance of the spirit of the depths. Jung first encountered his lost soul, afterwards experiencing various aspects of the soul-spirit duo such as Salome-Elijah, Helena-Simon, and Baucis-Philemon. In the process of individuation, the initial experience of the soul can appear to the ego as a Satanic force which darkens the consciousness. The Red Book describes how Jung consciously integrated the Satanic force and came to realize the meaning of it. Jung's experience of emotionally gripping aspects of the soul led him to the awareness of the dark side of God, Satan, while the insights he gained from that Satanic emotionality led him to the awareness of the bright side of God, Christ. Through this process, he finally encountered the opposites in God. Jung also referred to the Self as an image of God which manifests itself in the psyche. Jung later discovered God as a phenomenal psychic reality which incarnates itself from the unconscious into the conscious. He did it in terms of strict empirical science. Although the incarnation process of the deity is the main cause of psychological conflict and distress of a human being, if accepted consciously, we come to realize that the incarnation process of the deity in the psyche is the ultimate teleology and meaning of our life as well.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.195-207
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• 2006

Stem cells are the primordial, initial cells which usually divide asymmetrically giving rise to on the one hand self-renewals and on the other hand progenitor cells with potential for differentiation. Zygote (fertilized egg), with totipotency, deserves the top-ranking stem cell - he totipotent stem cell (TSC). Both the ICM (inner cell mass) taken from the 6 days-old human blastocyst and ESC (embryonic stem cell) derived from the in vitro cultured ICM have slightly less potency for differentiation than the zygote, and are termed pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells in the tissues and organs of fetus, infant, and adult have highly reduced potency and committed to produce only progenitor cells for particular tissues. These tissue-specific stem cells are called multipotent stem cells. These tissue-specific/committed multipotent stem cells, when placed in altered environment other than their original niche, can yield cells characteristic of the altered environment. These findings are certainly of potential interest from the clinical, therapeutic perspective. The controversial terminology 'somatic stem cell plasticity' coined by the stem cell community seems to have been proved true. Followings are some of the recent knowledges related to the stem cell. Just as the tissues of our body have their own multipotent stem cells, cancerous tumor has undifferentiated cells known as cancer stem cell (CSC). Each time CSC cleaves, it makes two daughter cells with different fate. One is endowed with immortality, the remarkable ability to divide indefinitely, while the other progeny cell divides occasionally but lives forever. In the cancer tumor, CSC is minority being as few as 3-5% of the tumor mass but it is the culprit behind the tumor-malignancy, metastasis, and recurrence of cancer. CSC is like a master print. As long as the original exists, copies can be made and the disease can persist. If the CSC is destroyed, cancer tumor can't grow. In the decades-long cancer therapy, efforts were focused on the reducing of the bulk of cancerous growth. How cancer therapy is changing to destroy the origin of tumor, the CSC. The next generation of treatments should be to recognize and target the root cause of cancerous growth, the CSC, rather than the reducing of the bulk of tumor, Now the strategy is to find a way to identify and isolate the stem cells. The surfaces of normal as well as the cancer stem cells are studded with proteins. In leukaemia stem cell, for example, protein CD 34 is identified. In the new treatment of cancer disease it is needed to look for protein unique to the CSC. Blocking the stem cell's source of nutrients might be another effective strategy. The mystery of sternness of stem cells has begun to be deciphered. ESC can replicate indefinitely and yet retains the potential to turn into any kind of differentiated cells. Polycomb group protein such as Suz 12 repress most of the regulatory genes which, activated, are turned to be developmental genes. These protein molecules keep the ESC in an undifferentiated state. Many of the regulator genes silenced by polycomb proteins are also occupied by such ESC transcription factors as Oct 4, Sox 2, and Nanog. Both polycomb and transcription factor proteins seem to cooperate to keep the ESC in an undifferentiated state, pluripotent, and self-renewable. A normal prion protein (PrP) is found throughout the body from blood to the brain. Prion diseases such as mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) are caused when a normal prion protein misfolds to give rise to PrP$^{SC}$ and assault brain tissue. Why has human body kept such a deadly and enigmatic protein? Although our body has preserved the prion protein, prion diseases are of rare occurrence. Deadly prion diseases have been intensively studied, but normal prion problems are not. Very few facts on the benefit of prion proteins have been known so far. It was found that PrP was hugely expressed on the stem cell surface of bone marrow and on the cells of neural progenitor, PrP seems to have some function in cell maturation and facilitate the division of stem cells and their self-renewal. PrP also might help guide the decision of neural progenitor cell to become a neuron.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.167-178
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• 1995

The purpose of this research was to get basic information for the development of Korean native chicken industry by reviewing the current native chicken farm management and marketing situation of native chicken products(meat and eggs). The research was carried on the basis of the farm field survey covering 210 native chicken feeders out of 9 different local areas, and the results were as follows ; 1. Average raising size of native chicken flocks of sample farms was 1,787 heads and about 50% of those farms raised less than 500 heads chickens for self-sufficiency or on the side. 2. Most farmers made the decision to start on feeding native chickens in small scale with small amount of capital without sound feeding program, and their decision was mainly influenced by recommendation of mass-media( 19.5%) and neighbors (17.2%). 3. The average income per farm earned by raising the native chickens was 13,719 Won, and income per head of chicken was 8,800 Won. 4. About 40% of feeders expressed that the poor marketing management and lack of capital were the bottleneck to native chicken farm management. 5. About 70% of feeders evaluated the prospect of native chicken industry positively and so, about 60% of feeders hoped to expand the raising size in the future. 6. Most farmers directry made a bargain with marketer including middleman and enduser in selling the chicken products because there was not established special marketing system for native chicken products. 7. The sales age of native broiler was about 16~20 weeks and average body weight of broiler was 1.5~2.0 kg. And farm recieved price was not decided on the basis of each body weight or meat quality but only number of heads. 8. The average first egg-laying age of chickens was about 165 days and average annual laying rate was only about 56%. 9. In order to develop the successful Korean native chicken industry, followings are recommended ; 1) Reducing the production costs and increasing the productivity of native chickens should be carried out through technological research and development for sound feeding program of native chickens and sufficient fund supply. 2) Orderly native chicken marketing and pricing system should be established to give good vision about native chickens to farmers and to delight the consumers. 3) The measures for product differentiation including meat quality and nutritional value of native chicken products against other improved chickens should be actively taken by feeders and government.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

The SCID-repopulation cells(SRCs) assay has been widely used to determine the self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In this study, we tested the repopulating efficiency of porcine bone marrow derived hematopoietic stem cells using nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodieficient (NOD/SCID) mice which was inherited immunodeficiency mire with defect of T cells, B cells, and low activity of NK cells. We transplanted porcine bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with intraperitoneal injection into neonate NOD/SCID mice. We confirmed efficient reconstitution activity of inoculated porcine hematopoietis cells in variety of organs of NOD/SCID mice. Interestingly, pig $CD3^+$ T lymphocytes detected with high level in liver($15.6{\pm}3.7%$), spleen($5.6{\pm}3.0%$), thymus($1.5{\pm}1.3%$), and BM($2.3{\pm}0.9%$), respectively. These data imply that microenvironment of neonate NOD/SCID mice is very efficient for proliferation and differentiation of porcine T cells, and can be useful for the study of T cells development and renogeneic organ transplantation.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.168-189
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• 2015

The job creation has been the most pressing issue after financial crisis in many countries around the world. Various policies for creating jobs have been implemented in order to revitalize regional economy in Korea. It has been known that the jobs have been created more in low-wage and part-time work than high-wage and full-time work. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differentiation of startups job in local labor market areas(LLMAs) in terms of job quantity as well as job quality. As the spatial unit, 121 local labor market areas which were delineated based on self-containment rate(demand and supply side of labor market) and numbers of resident workers are used. Also due to difference of the size of employment, LLMAs are classified into 3 groups: large, Medium, small LLMAs. The major results are as follows: First, the characteristics of the job creation are varied among 3 groups in terms of the quantitative and qualitative aspects. Highly waged and highly value-added jobs have been created more in large LLMAs, but full-time jobs created more in small LLMAs. Secondly, the job creation of LLMAs is somewhat weakly correlated to regional economic performance. While the quality of jobs is correlated to regional economic performance in Medium LLMAs, the quantity of jobs is significantly correlated to regional economic performance in small LLMAs. The results of this research give some implications for implementing the effective policy to create jobs related to regional economy, indicating that differentiated strategies for 3 groups of LLMAs is critically important.