• Title/Summary/Keyword: Differential variety

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Performance Evaluation of Measuring Instrument for Infra-Red Signature Suppression System Model Test (적외선 신호저감 장치 모형시험을 위한 계측기의 성능평가)

  • SeokTae Yoon
    • Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.21-27
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    • 2023
  • Modern naval ships install an Infra-Red Signature Suppression system (IRSS) in their exhaust pipe to reduce infrared signature emitted to the outside. In addition, naval ships are strategic assets with a very long life cycle, so high reliability of the performance of the equipment on board must be guaranteed. Therefore, equipment such as IRSS is evaluated for performance through model testing at the design stage. A variety of measuring instruments are used in IRSS model testing, and the reliability of these instruments must also be guaranteed. In this paper, a study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of measurement equipment used in IRSS model testing. The test equipment and instruments used were a hot gas wind tunnel, pitot tube, digital differential pressure gauge, thermocouple sensor, and digital recorder. As the fan speed of the hot gas wind tunnel increased, the measurement deviation of the flow decreased, and the temperature output of the thermocouple sensor showed differences in response time and stability depending on the method used.

CT and US Findings of Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma

  • Jong Chul Kim;Kie Hwan Kim;Jun Woo Lee
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.104-109
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    • 2000
  • Objective: Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is a recently described variety of renal cell carcinoma with characteristic pathologic and clinical features. The purpose of this study was to analyze the imaging findings of MCRCCs. Materials and Methods: Ten adult patients with pathologically proven unilateral MCRCC who underwent renal US and CT were included in this study. The radiologic findings were retrospectively evaluated for cystic content, wall, septum, nodularity, calcification and solid portion by three radiologists who established a consensus. Imaging and postnephrectomy pathologic findings were compared. Results: All patients were adults (six males and four females) and their ages ranged from 33 to 68 years (mean, 46). On US and CT images, all tumors appeared as well-defined multilocular cystic masses composed of serous or complicated fluid. In all patients, unenhanced CT scans revealed hypodense cystic portions, and in four tumors, due to the presence of hemorrhage or gelatinous fluid, some hyperdense areas were also noted. In no tumor was an expansile solid nodule seen in the thin septa, and in only one was there dystrophic calcification in a septum. Small areas of solid portion constituting less than 10% of the entire lesion were found in six of the ten tumors, and these areas were slightly enhanced on enhanced CT scans. In all patients, imaging and pathologic findings correlated closely. Conclusion: On US and CT images, MCRCC appeared as a well-defined multilocular cystic mass with serous, proteinaceous or hemorrhagic fluid, with no expansile solid nodules in the thin septa, and sometimes with small slightly enhanced solid areas. Where radiologic examinations demonstrate a cystic renal mass of this kind in adult males, MCRCC should be included in the differential diagnosis.

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Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea

  • Kwon Y.K.;Chough S.K.;Choi D.K.;Lee D.J.
    • 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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    • autumn
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    • pp.63-65
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    • 2001
  • The Chosen Supergroup (Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates and contains a variety of limestone conglomerates. These conglomerates largely comprise oligomictic, rounded lime-mudstone clasts of various size and shape (equant, oval, discoidal, tabular, and irregular) and dolomitic shale matrices. Most clasts are characterized by jigsaw-fit (mosaic), disorganized, or edgewise fabric and autoclastic lithology. Each conglomerate layer is commonly interbedded with limestone-dolomitic shale couplets and occasionally underlain by fractured limestone layer, capped by calcareous shale. According to composition, characteristic sedimentary structures, and fabric, limestone conglomerates in the Hwajol, Tumugol, Makkol, and Mungok formations of Chosen Supergroup can be classified into 4 types: (1) disorganized polymictic conglomerate (Cd), (2) horizontally stratified polymictic conglomerate (Cs), (3) mosaic conglomerate (Cm), and (4) disorganized/edgewise oligomictic conglomerate (Cd/e). These conglomerates are either depositional (Cd and Cs) or diagenetic (Cm and Cd/e) in origin. Depositional conglomerates are interpreted as storm deposits, tidal channel fills, or transgressive lag deposits. On the other hand, diagenetic conglomerates are not deposited by normal sedimentary processes, but formed by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Diagenetic conglomerates in the Chosen Supergroup are characterized by autoclastic and oligomictic lithology of lime-mudstone clasts, jigsaw-fit (mosaic) fabric, edgewise fabric, and a gradual transition from the underlying bed (Table 1). Autoclastic and oligomictic lithologies may be indicative of subsurface brecciation (fragmentation). Consolidation of lime-mudstone clasts pre-requisite for brecciation may result from dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 by degradation of organic matter during burial. Jigsaw-fit fabric has been considered as evidence for in situ fragmentation. The edgewise fabric is most likely formed by expulsion of pore fluid during compaction. The lower boundary of intraformational conglomerates of depositional origin is commonly sharp and erosional. In contrast, diagenetic conglomerate layers mostly show a gradual transition from the underlying unit, which is indicative of progressive fragmentation upward (Fig. 1). The underlying fractured limestone layer also shows evidence for in situ fragmentation such as jigsaw-fit fabric and the same lithology as the overlying conglomerate layer (Fig, 1). Evidence from the conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that diagenetic conglomerates are formed by in situ subsurface fragmentation of limestone layers and rounding of the fragments. In situ subsurface fragmentation may be primarily due to compaction, dewatering (upward-moving pore fluids), and dissolution, accompanying volume reduction. This process commonly occurs under the conditions of (1) alternating layers of carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor sediments and (B) early differential cementation of carbonate-rich layers. Differential cementation commonly takes place between alternating beds of carbonate-rich and clay-rich layers, because high carbonate content promotes cementation, whereas clay inhibits cementation. After deposition of alternating beds and differential cementation, with progressive burial, upward-moving pore fluid may raise pore-pressure in the upper part of limestone layers, due to commonly overlying impermeable shale layers (or beds). The high pore-pressure may reinforce propagation of fragmentation and cause upward-expulsion of pore fluid which probably produces edgewise fabric of tabular clasts. The fluidized flow then extends laterally, causing reorientation and further rounding of clasts. This process is analogous to that of autobrecciation, which can be analogously termed autoconglomeration. This is a fragmentation and rounding process whereby earlier semiconsolidated portions of limestone are incorporated into still fluid portions. The rounding may be due mainly to immiscibility and surface tension of lime-mud. The progressive rounding of the fragmented clasts probably results from grain attrition by fluidized flow. A synthetic study of limestone conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that very small percent of the conglomerate layers are of depositional origin, whereas the rest, more than $80\%$, are of diagenetic origin. The common occurrence of diagenetic conglomerates warrants further study on limestone conglomerates elsewhere in the world.

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Retrograde Tracer Studies of Tecto-Reticulospinal Pathway and Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus on GluR1- and GluR4-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Hamster Superior Colliculus (Tecto-reticulospinal pathway (TRS)와 dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)에서 역행성이동추적물질 이용 햄스터 상구에서 GluR1-, GluR4- 면역반응 신경세포 연구)

  • Choi, Jae-Sik;Lee, Jea-Young;Jang, Yu-Jin;Lee, Eun-Shil;Jeon, Chang-Jin
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2010
  • We recently reported the distributions of AMPA ($\alpha$-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate) receptor subtypes glutamate receptors (GluR) 1 and GluR4 in the superior colliculi (SC) of hamsters with antibody immunocytochemistry and the effect of enucleation on these distributions. We also compared these labelings to those of calcium-binding proteins calbindin D28K, calretinin, parvalbumin, and GABA. In the present study, we investigated whether the GluR1- and GluR4-immunoreactive (IR) neurons are interneurons or projection neurons by injection of the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into one of each major ascending and descending pathways of the SC. HRP injections were made into a tecto-reticulospinal pathway (TRS) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Animals were then allowed to recover and to survive for 48 hr before perfusion. Sections containing retrograde-labeled neurons were then treated for GluR-immunoreactivity. HRP injections proved that only a small population of the GluR1-IR cells project into TRS (1.4%) and dLGN (2.6%). However, a large subpopulation of GluR4-IR cells project into TRS (32.7%). The differential compositions of inter/projection neurons, along with our previous studies on the separate distribution of the GluR subunits, its differential co-localization with calcium-binding proteins and GABA, and differential reactions to enucleations, strongly imply the functional variety of the receptor subunits in visual behavior responses.

Differential Expression Patterns of Gangliosides in the Liver and Heart of NIH-miniature Pigs (NIH-미니돼지의 간과 심장에서 갱글리오시드의 서로 다른 발현 패턴)

  • Ryu, Jae-Sung;Chang, Kyu-Tae;Kim, Ji-Su;Kwak, Dong-Hoon;Lee, Young-Choon;Oh, Keon-Bong;Choo, Young-Kug
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.467-473
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    • 2010
  • Gangliosides are a major component of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, which are directly involved in a variety of immunological events, including cell-to cell or cell-to-protein interactions. In this study, we investigated whether gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, are related to rejection during the xenotransplantation of NIH-miniature pig livers and hearts to humans. Both high performance thin-layer chromatography and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that the expression of gangliosides in the liver tissue of NIH-miniature pigs was higher than that in the heart. Gangliosides GD3, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and GQ1b were observed in both the liver and heart, whereas GQ1b was detected only in the liver, indicating that the ganglioside expression profiles are tissue specific. Moreover, other ganglio-series gangliosides, including GM3, were not detected in the livers and hearts of NIH-miniature pigs. Taken together, these results suggest that gangliosides may play important roles in immune responses in clinical xenotransplants of pig livers and hearts.

Evaluation of Atopy and Its Possible Association with Indoor Bioaerosol Concentrations and Other Factors at the Residence of Children (초등학생 가정을 대상으로 한 바이오에어로졸 노출과 아토피와의 연관성 평가)

  • Ha, Jin-Sil;Jung, Hea-Jung;Byun, Hyae-Jeong;Yoon, Chung-Sik;Kim, Yang-Ho;Oh, In-Bo;Lee, Ji-Ho;Ha, Kwon-Chul
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.406-417
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    • 2011
  • Objectives: Exposure to bioaerosols in the indoor environment could be associated with a variety adverse health effects, including allergic disease such atopy. The objectives of this study were to assess children's exposure to bioaerosol in home indoor environments and to evaluate the association between atopy and bioaerosol, environmental, and social factors in Ulsan, Korea. Methods: Samples of viable airborne bacteria and fungi were collected by impaction onto agar plates using a Quick Take TM 30 and were counted as colony forming units per cubic meter of air (CFU/$m^3$). Bioaerosols were identified using standard microbial techniques by differential stains and/or microscopy. The environmental factors and possible causes of atopy based on ISAAC (International Study of Allergy and Asthma in Childhood) were collected by questionnaire. Results: The bioaerosol concentrations in indoor environments showed log-normal distribution (p < 0.01). Geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of airborne bacteria and fungi in homes were 189.0 (2.5), 346.1(2.0) CFU/$m^3$, respectively. Indoor fungal levels were significantly higher than those of bacteria (p < 0.001). The concentration of airborne bacteria exceeded the limit recommended by the Korean Ministry of Environment, 800 CFU/$m^3$, in three out of 92 samples (3.3%) from 52 homes. The means of indoor to outdoor ratio (I/O) for airborne bacteria and fungi were 8.15 and 1.13, respectively. The source of airborne bacteria was not outdoors but indoors. GM of airborne bacteria and fungi were 217.6, 291.8 CFU/$m^3$ in the case's home and 162.0, 415.2 CFU/$m^3$ in the control's home respectively. The difference in fungal distributions between case and control were significant (p = 0.004) and the odds ratio was 0.996 (p = 0.027). Atopy was significantly associated with type of house (odds ratio = 1.723, p = 0.047) and income (odds ratio = 1.891, p = 0.041). Some of the potential allergic fungal genera isolated in homes were Cladosporium spp., Botrytis spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and Alternatia spp. Conclusions: These results suggest that there this should be either 'was little' meaning 'basically no significant association was found' or 'was a small negative' mean that an association was found but it was minor. It's a very improtant distinction. Association between airborne fungal concentrations and atopy and certain socioeconomic factors may affect the prevalence of childhood atopy.

Analysis of Research Trends in SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics Using Topic Modeling (토픽모델링을 활용한 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics의 연구 동향 분석)

  • Kim, Sung-Yeun
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.21 no.7
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    • pp.607-615
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the research status and trends related to the industrial mathematics based on text mining techniques with a sample of 4910 papers collected in the SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics from 1970 to 2019. The R program was used to collect titles, abstracts, and key words from the papers and to analyze topic modeling techniques based on LDA algorithm. As a result of the coherence score on the collected papers, 20 topics were determined optimally using the Gibbs sampling methods. The main results were as follows. First, studies on industrial mathematics were conducted in a variety of mathematics fields, including computational mathematics, geometry, mathematical modeling, topology, discrete mathematics, probability and statistics, with a focus on analysis and algebra. Second, 5 hot topics (mathematical biology, nonlinear partial differential equation, discrete mathematics, statistics, topology) and 1 cold topic (probability theory) were found based on time series regression analysis. Third, among the fields that were not reflected in the 2015 revised mathematics curriculum, numeral system, matrix, vector in space, and complex numbers were extracted as the contents to be covered in the high school mathematical curriculum. Finally, this study suggested strategies to activate industrial mathematics in Korea, described the study limitations, and proposed directions for future research.

Detection of Differentially Expressed Genes in Glioblastoma by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization

  • Yu, Na-Mi;Ahn, Jung-Yong;Choi, Eun-Jin;Hong, Yong-Kil;Kim, Tai-Gyu;Kim, Chang-Hyun;Lee, Kyu-Sung;Kim, Dong-Seok;Kim, Jin-Kyeoung
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.443-448
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    • 2005
  • Objective: A variety of genetic alterations in human glioblastoma comprises signal transduction and cell cycle arrest control of cellular processes. Subtractive hybridization is potentially a faster method for identifying differentially expressed genes associated with a particular disease state. Using the technique of subtraction, we isolated novel genes that are overexpressed in glioblastoma tissue as compared to normal brain tissue. Methods: We evaluated the differential expression of genes in each of hybridizing tester and driver cDNAs to digested 130 clones. After sequencing of 130 clones and homology search, this study performed to determine mRNA expression of the unknown gene, "clone 47", in brain tissue, glioblasoma, and several cancer cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To test the time course for Go-phase arrest, serum stimulation and expression at various times for RT-PCR performed. Results: We identified 23 novel genes by BLAST of the digested 130 clones. The expressions of "clone 47" mRNA of glioblastoma and several cancer lines were significantly higher than normal brain tissues and several normal cell lines. We confirmed the mRNA expression of "clone 47" was up-regulation for $0.5{\sim}1hr$ of WI-38 cell differentiation. Conclusion: The novel gene, "Clone 47" is upregulated in glioblastoma tissue and several cancer cell lines. This gene is time dependent activation during time course of serum stimulation. This result suggests that "clone 47" playa role in brain tumorigenesis and the activation of this "clone 47" may be necessary for the development of cancer.

Can Welfare States Solve the Problem of Excessive Shadow Education? (복지국가는 사교육 과잉 문제를 풀 수 있나)

  • Lee, Shinyong
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.172-182
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    • 2018
  • This research suggests a solution to the problem of excessive shadow education in Korea as a way to compare the shadow education and income redistribution programs of advanced welfare states. The government has introduced a variety of measures to overcome the problem of excessive shadow education for a long time. However, the trend of increasing shadow education costs has not stopped. The excessive use of shadow education is definitely related to university entrance. But university entrance is not the only concern. In our country, the meaning of university is closely related to the standard of future life. Therefore, participation in shadow education is a reasonable choice by parents or students to ensure a stable future. The belief that the future life can be stabilized when you go to a prestigious university and the reality in the labor market, which reflects this belief, is the essential cause of excessive shadow education. Advanced welfare states such as Sweden and Germany provide hope for our nation. There are shadow education in these countries, too. However, the importance is not so great and its roles are not necessarily directly related to college entrance exams. For the income redistribution programs guarantee the life of all members of society at a certain level. The solution to the problem of excessive shadow education is not the admission system but the improvement of the income security system.

Sensing the Stress: the Role of the Stress-activated p38/Hog1 MAPK Signalling Pathway in Human Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans

  • Bahn, Yong-Sun;Heitman, Joseph
    • Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2007.05a
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    • pp.120-122
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    • 2007
  • All living organisms use numerous signal-transduction pathways to sense and respond to their environments and thereby survive and proliferate in a range of biological niches. Molecular dissection of these signalling networks has increased our understanding of these communication processes and provides a platform for therapeutic intervention when these pathways malfunction in disease states, including infection. Owing to the expanding availability of sequenced genomes, a wealth of genetic and molecular tools and the conservation of signalling networks, members of the fungal kingdom serve as excellent model systems for more complex, multicellular organisms. Here, we employed Cryptococcus neoformans as a model system to understand how fungal-signalling circuits operate at the molecular level to sense and respond to a plethora of environmental stresses, including osmoticshock, UV, high temperature, oxidative stress and toxic drugs/metabolites. The stress-activated p38/Hog1 MAPK pathway is structurally conserved in many organisms as diverse as yeast and mammals, but its regulation is uniquely specialized in a majority of clinical Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A and D strains to control differentiation and virulence factor regulation. C. neoformans Hog1 MAPK is controlled by Pbs2 MAPK kinase (MAPKK). The Pbs2-Hog1 MAPK cascade is controlled by the fungal "two-component" system that is composed of a response regulator, Ssk1, and multiple sensor kinases, including two-component.like (Tco) 1 and Tco2. Tco1 and Tco2 play shared and distinct roles in stress responses and drug sensitivity through the Hog1 MAPK system. Furthermore, each sensor kinase mediates unique cellular functions for virulence and morphological differentiation. We also identified and characterized the Ssk2 MAPKKK upstream of the MAPKK Pbs2 and the MAPK Hog1 in C. neoformans. The SSK2 gene was identified as a potential component responsible for differential Hog1 regulation between the serotype D sibling f1 strains B3501 and B3502 through comparative analysis of their meiotic map with the meiotic segregation of Hog1-dependent sensitivity to the fungicide fludioxonil. Ssk2 is the only polymorphic component in the Hog1 MAPK module, including two coding sequence changes between the SSK2 alleles in B3501 and B3502 strains. To further support this finding, the SSK2 allele exchange completely swapped Hog1-related phenotypes between B3501 and B3502 strains. In the serotype A strain H99, disruption of the SSK2 gene dramatically enhanced capsule biosynthesis and mating efficiency, similar to pbs2 and hog1 mutations. Furthermore, ssk2, pbs2, and hog1 mutants are all hypersensitive to a variety of stresses and completely resistant to fludioxonil. Taken together, these findings indicate that Ssk2 is the critical interface protein connecting the two-component system and the Pbs2-Hog1 pathway in C. neoformans.

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