• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2004

Objectives : The aim was to identify the inhibitory effects of Liriopis Tuber on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by analysing the changes of imflammatory cell cytokines and SHI(Semiquantitative Histological Index), Materials and Methods : In this study fibrosis prone C57BL/6J mice were used. Control group was treated with blomycin(0.06mg/0.1 ml) by IT(intratracheal) instillation which is a popular method of inducing lung fibrosis and sample group took Liriopis Tuber water extract(38.0mg/10g body weight) orally for 14 days after IT instillation of blomycin. We measured the total and differential count of WBC, $IFN-{\gamma}$ & IL-4 in mice BALF and SHI(Semiquantitative Histological Index) from lung tissues of mice. BALF and lung tissues of mice were taken 14 days after IT instillation of blomycin. Results : In sample group total WBC count, proportion of neutrophil, SHI and IL-4 significantly(p<0.05) decreased, proportion of macrophage significantly(p<0.05) increased and proportion of lymphocyte, $IFN-{\gamma}$ did not decrease significantly. Conclusions : This study suggests that Liriopis Tuber has an inhibitory effects of pulmonary fibrosis by attenuation of inflammation and Th2 immune response. To determine whether this herbal medicine contribute to cure and prophylaxis of pulmonary fibrosis, further studies on the role of $IFN-{\gamma}$ relating to fibrosis are required.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 1984

A total of 466 foremilk from dairy farms in Chonnam district was examined for the subclinical mastitis over a period of one year, using a method of the electrical conductivities(EC); absolute conductivity(AC) and differential conductivity(DC) and quarter difference value(QD), in relation to the California mastitis test(CMT) and the direct somatic cell count(DSCC). The compatibility and efficiency rating between the EC values and the other screening tests was conducted. Obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. A linear relationship was found between the EC values and the CMT scores and direct somatic cell counts and it was found that electrical conductivity measurements were comparable with other screening tests for diagnosing animals with mastitis. 2. Compatibilities between the EC and CMT were 70.4% in AC, 74.6% in DC and 70.7% in QD, and that of the EC and DSCC were 53.0% in AC, 63.1% in DC and 53.2% in QD. On the other hand, relative efficiency ratings of Postle's equation between EC and CMT were 37.3% in AC, 26.5% in DC and 13.6% in QD, and that of the EC and DSCC were 33.1% in AC, 20.2% in DC and 11.9% in QD. 3. In the foremilk samples collected from damaged quarters determined by EC, the false positive rate wart higher than the false negative rate, and consequently tests of EC produced lower compatibility or efficiency rating scores. These tendencies suggested that any factors other than the mastitic condition influencing the EC values might be existed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2005

Properties of rice flours prepared from milled and broken rice produced by pre-washing and subsequent drying process were investigated. Compared to untreated ordinary milled rice, pre-washing process slightly increased lightness of rice flour, while decreased yellowness. Both WAI and WSI were higher in the flour from pre-washed rice, and gel consistency was the highest in the flour from pre-washed broken rice. Pre-washed rice showed increased amylograph peak viscosity and reduced setback values. On the other hand, pre-washed broken rice showed decreased peak viscosity and increased setback values. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the pre-washing process reduced gelatinization onset- and peak temperatures, with increased gelatinization enthalpy. Total bacteria and yeast count were lower in the pre­washed rice, suggesting the pre-washing process could partially eliminate microbial contamination of ordinary milled rice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.191-198
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• 2021

Background: Most clinical studies of immune responses activated by Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) have been conducted exclusively in patients. However, there is still a lack of clinical research on immune-boosting benefits of KRG for healthy persons. This study aims to confirm how KRG boosts the immune system of healthy subjects. Methods: A total of 100 healthy adult subjects were randomly divided into two groups that took either a 2 g KRG tablet or a placebo per day for 8 weeks. The primary efficacy evaluation variables included changes in T cells, B cells, and white blood cells (WBCs) before and after eight weeks of KRG ingestion. Cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-2 and IL-4), WBC differential count, and incidence of colds were measured in the secondary efficacy evaluation variables. Safety evaluation variables were used to identify changes in laboratory test results that incorporated adverse reactions, vital signs, hematological tests, blood chemistry tests, and urinalysis. Results: Compared to the placebo group, the KRG intake group showed a significant increase in the number of T cells (CD3) and its subtypes (CD4 and CD8), B cells, and the WBC count before and after eight weeks of the intake. There were no clinically significant adverse reactions or other notable results in the safety evaluation factors observed. Conclusion: This study has proven through its eight-week intake test and subsequent analysis that KRG boosts the immune system through an increase in T cells, B cells, and WBCs, and that it is safe according to the study's safety evaluation.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2008

Purpose : We wanted to determine the characteristics of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) who were unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Methods : The patients with KD were divided into two groups: the IVIG responsive group (25 cases) and the IVIG unresponsive group (14 cases). We analyzed various parameters before and after the administration of IVIG, including the complete blood cell count with the differential count (%), the erythrocyte segmentation rate (ESR), the C-reactive protein (CRP) level and the protein and lipid profiles. Results : The IVIG unresponsive group had a prolonged duration of fever and a higher incidence of CAL compared to the IVIG responsive group (P<0.001, respectively). Before IVIG infusion, the neutrophil differential, the ESR and the CRP values were higher (P<0.001), and the total protein and albumin values were lower in the IVIG unresponsive group (P=0.01) compared to the IVIG responsive group. After IVIG infusion, there were no significant changes in the WBC count and CRP levels in the IVIG unresponsive group. The reduction of the HDL-cholesterol levels by IVIG was more significant in the unresponsive group (P=0.02). Conclusion : A more severe and prolonged inflammatory response occurred in the IVIG unresponsive group at an early stage, and this finding can be detected by such inflammatory parameters as the neutrophil count and the CRP and HDL-cholesterol levels after IVIG infusion.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify useful predictors for diagnosing bacterial meningitis and performing CSF studies in febrile infants three months or younger. Methods : Six hundred and fifty two febrile infants with a rectal temperature ${\geq}38.0^{\circ}C$ presented from January 2003 to April 2008 and were retrospectively studied. The total white blood cell count (WBC), band count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), quantitative C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood cultures were performed on admission. The clinical variables associated with bacterial meningitis were analyzed. Results : In patients with bacterial meningitis, the clinical variables including CRP (P=0.036), band count (P=0.037), ANC (P=0.036) and age (P=0.001) were significantly different. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.969 for CRP, 0.946 for the band count, 0.765 for the ANC and 0.235 for age. A CRP cutoff point of 8 mg/dL was determined to maximize both the sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 83%, specificity 95%, likelihood ratio 16.6). A CRP concentration of <7 mg/dL "ruled-out" bacterial meningitis, with a likelihood ratio of 0.17, a posttest probability of <0.1% and negative predictive value 91%. A CRP concentration greater than 9 mg/dL had a much higher likelihood ratio (20.1) than the band count (16.6) and ANC (2.2). Conclusion : The CRP concentration was a useful laboratory test for the differential diagnosis of bacterial meningitis among febrile infants three months of age or younger. A CRP concentration of <7 mg/dL effectively ruled out bacterial meningitis; a value ${\geq}9mg/dL$ increased the clinical suspicion of bacterial meningitis and the need for CSF evaluation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2014

Objectives: We established a Wistar rat model of asthma caused by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure, and investigated the relationship between TDI exposure concentrations and respiratory hypersensitivity, airway inflammation, and cytokine secretions in animals, to better understand the mechanism of TDI induced occupational asthma. Methods: Wistar rats were exposed to two different concentrations of TDI vapor four hours a day for five consecutive days. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and differential leucocytes from the BAL fluid were analyzed. Lung histopathological examination was carried out to investigate the inflammatory status in the airways. Production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 productions in the BAL fluid in vivo was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: The TDI-exposed rats exhibited greater airway hypersensitivity symptoms than the control rats. The BAL differential cell count and lung histopathological examination demonstrated that inflammation reactions were present in both the central and peripheral airways, characterized with marked infiltration of eosinophils in the TDI-exposed rats. The cytokine assay showed that IL-4 and IL-5 were predominantly produced in the BAL fluid in vivo. Conclusions: These findings imply that TDI exposure concentrations may greatly affect the occurrence and extent of inflammatory events and that Th2 type cytokines may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of TDI-induced occupational respiratory hypersensitivity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.752-759
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• 1994

It is accepted that colostral macrophages have protective effects on gastrointestinal tract of the neonates. Macrophages act as a major defensive cells in colostrum and serve as a main source of colostral prostaglandins which are known to exert cytoprotection for gastrointestinal tract of neonates against infectious agents and drugs such as aspirin. This study was conducted to evaluate the total cell numbers and differential counts for macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in colostrum of Korean mothers. To compare the level of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, and TXB2 between colostrum and serum of postpartum mothers, radioimmunoassay adopting eicosanoids-antibody complex method was applied instead of charcoal method. The results were as follows : 1) Total defensive cell count was 7.6$\pm$2,37$\times$106 cells/ml, differential counts of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes were 57.49$\pm$4.14%, 37.98$\pm$4.43% and 4.29$\pm$0.73% respectively. 2) The order of prostaglandin level in colostrum which are known to enhance development and cytoprotection of gastrointestinal tract, was 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, TXB2 and PGE2. Colostral PGE2 level was 584.6$\pm$72.3 pg/ml, higher than that of serum(p<0.01). 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, the most abundant prostaglandin in colostrum was higher than in serum level, too (p<0.01). Serum TXB2 level of postpartum mothers(n=42) was higher nine times than that of colostrum(p<0.01), which seems to cause vasoconstriction of uterus in postpartum period. 3) In preterm mothers, serum level of TXB2 level in both groups.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.119-132
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of natural carbonated hot spring water (NCHW) on DNCB-induced NC/Nga mice, an atopic dermatitis (AD) model. Methods :At first, NC/Nga mice were prepared and induced to have atopic lesion on their back skin by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). They swam for 20 minutes everyday in tanks where the one is filled with $28^{\circ}C$ NCHW, the other is with $25^{\circ}C$ carbonated hot spring water and another is with artificial carbonated hot spring water (ACHW). After 3 weeks, We assessed the skin clinical score and macroscopic appearance, total IgE, IgG1 levels, WBC differential counting, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ production levels and histological changes. Results : There are meaningful results of improving atopic lesion-state by relieving the count of total IgE, IgG1 levels, WBC differential counting, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ production levels and recovering skin clinical score in the group with $28^{\circ}C$ NCHW in comparison with the other groups. Conclusions : The NCHW may have potential as an effective treatment for atopic dermatitis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1961

Inasmuch as a great variety of methods for the leukocyte differential counting have been described, it may be expected that actual counts obtained considerably vary according with the particular methods applied to the enumeration of differentiated leukocyes. An attempt, therefore, was undertaken to compare the values measured by five authentic methods commonly in use with those obtained by thirteen methods devised by the author. The results seemed to indicate that relatively reliable method is to count, end to end, all leucocytes on fields looted on the central horizontal axis of the film and two adjacent lines parallel to the central line and quartering the film.