• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2016

Often we receive misled conclusion in the research if properly variables are not analyzed. In different functional issues of management it is very essential that all the latent and observed variable are properly understood so management decisions will be relevant and effective. The objective of this paper is to investigate the use of different multivariate tools for analyzing in the management research : applied or basic. The sources of data is primary as well as secondary. The primary includes the observation of different research articles of the proceedings of different conferences. And the secondary includes different publications related to multivariate analysis. The study has revealed the reasons of not using such tools of research. The preliminary finding reveals that most of the researches do not use such analytical tools in a comprehensive manner. Carelessness in design while fixing the design aspect is the main reasons of not using appropriate design.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1295-1300
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• 2006

Purpose. The purposes of this methodologic paper are to (1) describe theoretical background in conducting research across different cultures; (2) address measurement issues related to instrument administration; and (3) provide strategies to deal with measurement issues. Methods. A thorough review of the literature was conducted. A theoretical background is provided, and examples of administering instrument in studies are described. Results. When applying an instrument to different cultures, both equivalence and bias need to be established. Three levels of equivalence, i.e., construct equivalence, measurement unit equivalence, and full score comparability, need to be explained to maintain the same concept being measured. In this paper, sources of bias in construct, method, and item are discussed. Issues related to instrument administration in a cross-cultural study are described. Conclusion. Researchers need to acknowledge various group differences in concept and/or language that include a specific set of symbols and norms. There is a need to question the philosophical and conceptual appropriateness of an assessment measure that has been conceptualized and operationalized in a different culture. Additionally, testing different response formats such as narrowing response range can be considered to reduce bias.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.384-390
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• 2001

The hollow cathode discharge is a kind of plasma formation scheme in which plasma is formed inside a hollow structure, the cathode, with current to a nearby anode of arbitrary shape. In this scheme, electrons reflex radially within the hollow cathode, establishing an efficient ionization mechanism for gas within the cavity. An existence condition for the hollow cathode effect is that the electron mean-free-path for ionization is of the order of the cavity radius. Thus the size of this kind of plasma source must decrease as the gas pressure is increased. In fact, the hollow cathode effect can occur even at atmospheric pressure for cathode diameters of order 10-100 $\mu\textrm{m}$. That is, the "natural" operating pressure regime for a "micro hollow cathode discharge" is atmospheric pressure. This kind of plasma source has been the subject of increasing research activity in recent years. A number of geometric variants have been explored, and operational requirements and typical plasma parameters have been determined. Large arrays of individual tiny sources can be used to form large-area, atmospheric-pressure plasma sources. The simplicity of the method and the capability of operation without the need for the usual vacuum system and its associated limitations, provide a highly attractive option for new approaches to many different kinds of plasma applications, including plasma surface modification technologies. Here we review the background work that has been carried out in this new research field.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.308-317
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• 2016

Multiple evidences based decision making is an important functionality for computers and robots. To combine multiple evidences, mathematical theory of evidence has been developed, and it involves the most vital part called Dempster's rule of combination. The rule is used for combining multiple evidences. However, the combined result gives a counterintuitive conclusion when highly conflicting evidences exist. In particular, when we obtain two different sources of evidence for a single hypothesis, only one of the sources may contain evidence. In this paper, we introduce a modified combination rule based on the partial conflict measurement by using an absolute difference between two evidences' basic probability numbers. The basic probability number is described in details in Section 2 "Mathematical Theory of Evidence". As a result, the proposed combination rule outperforms Dempster's rule of combination. More precisely, the modified combination rule provides a reasonable conclusion when combining highly conflicting evidences and shows similar results with Dempster's rule of combination in the case of the both sources of evidence are not conflicting. In addition, when obtained evidences contain multiple hypotheses, our proposed combination rule shows more logically acceptable results in compared with the results of Dempster's rule.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.570-578
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• 2009

Excitation and propagation of guided waves are very complex problems in pipes due to their dispersive nature. Pipes are commonly used in the oil, chemical or nuclear industry and hence must be inspected regularly to ensure continued safe operation. The normal mode expansion(NME) method is given for the amplitude with which any propagating waveguide mode is generated in the pipes by applied surface tractions. Numerical results are calculated based on the NME method using different sources, i.e., non-axisymmetric partial loading and quasi-axisymmetric loading sources. The sum of amplitude coefficients for 0~nineth order of the harmonic modes are calculated based on the NME method and the dispersion curves in pipes. The superimposed total field which is namely the angular profile, varies with propagating distance and circumferential angle. This angular profile of guided waves provides information for setting the transducer position to find defects in pipes.

• 복식
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2000

Fashion leadership of middle- and high-school male student was measured. The subjects were divided into five subgroups including, fashion dual leaders(13.3%), innovators(10.3%), opinion leaders(7.6%), followers(52.3%), and laggards(16.3%), according to their innovativeness and opinion leadership. The findings were as follows : fashion dual leaders were very confident and fashion-conscious while other subgroups were very price-conscious and quality-aware. Among the fashion information sources included in the study' my own experience and opinion' was the most Important to all 5 subgroups. Generally the higher the fashion leadership was, the more actively utilized fashion information sources. The fashion magazine and commercials as information sources was not as important to the subjects as it was to college women. Apparel shopping behavior was also significantly different among subgroups. As a whole, the general characteristics, such as. the use of fashion information and the apparel shopping behavior, of opinion leaders and innovators were similar, but those of followers and laggards were very dissimilar.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.89-103
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• 2016

This study examines female new seniors' clothing consumption behaviors, such as their information sources, clothing store selection criteria, and perceived importance of sales associates' attributes, based on their level of clothing involvement. A face-to-face survey was conducted through a market research firm. The subjects of this study were female adults in their 50s and 60s residing in the Seoul metro area (N=197). Significant differences were found in the clothing consuming behaviors of new seniors depending on their clothing involvement(CI). High-CI new seniors tended to place more importance on both personal and non-personal information sources than low-CI new seniors. High-CI new seniors place importance both "merchandise assortment and store atmosphere" and "sales associates and service" when they select stores for clothing than low-CI new seniors. In terms of sales associates' attributes, high-CI new seniors tend to place more importance on customer-orientation than medium- and low-CI groups. Medium- and high-CI new seniors tend to place more importance on appearance than low-CI groups. However, there were no significant statistical differences for professional expertise among the three different CI groups.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2013

Objectives: Unprotected leisure time exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or artificial tanning beds is the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma, a malignant skin cancer with increasing incidences over the past decades. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of skin health information provided by several sources and different publishing issues on knowledge, risk perception, and sun protective behavior of sunbathers. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among Austrian residents (n=563) spending leisure time outdoors in August 2010. Results: Print media, television, and family were perceived as the most relevant sources of information on skin health, whereas the source physician was only ranked as fourth important source. Compared to other sources, information provided by doctors positively influenced participants' knowledge on skin risk and sun protective behavior resulting in higher scores in the knowledge test (p=0.009), higher risk perception (p<0.001), and more sun protection (p<0.001). Regarding gender differences, internet was more often used by males as health information source, whereas females were more familiar with printed information material in general. Conclusions: The results of this survey put emphasis on the demand for information provided by medical professionals in order to attain effective, long-lasting promotion of photoprotective habits.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.103-105
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• 2007

Mechanical transmission of barley seedlings with barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is generally inefficient and is the major constraint for testing cultivar resistance to the virus. To explore mechanical transmission, BaYMV-infected barley plants were grown at different conditions and used as inoculum sources to seedlings of susceptible barley cultivar Baegdong. Extracts prepared from BaYMV-infected Baegdong plants at 47, 53, 74, and 90 days after symptom appearance (DASA) and grown at 10 and $12^{\circ}C$ gave 10, 30, 68 and 76% infection, respectively on inoculated susceptible barley cv. Baegdong seedlings. While Jinyangbori, another susceptible cultivar obtained 95% infection rate inoculated with extracts from 90 DASA disease source and grown at $10/12^{\circ}C$. However, low infection rates were obtained when the virus sources were grown in a greenhouse at $15-18^{\circ}C$. Our results indicate that longer incubation period and lower temperature are required for virus accumulation and stability.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

This study was performed to summarize application of ${\delta}^{13}C$, ${\delta}^{37}Cl$ and ${\delta}D$ of trichloroethylene (TCE) to studies on environmental forensic field regarding identification of TCE sources and evaluation of contribution of TCE to groundwater using data collected from literatures. ${\delta}^{13}C$, ${\delta}^{37}Cl$ and ${\delta}D$ of TCE give some information regarding sources of TCE because they show specific value according to manufacturing method. Also, TCE do not show a significant isotopic fractionation owing to adsorption and dilution. The isotopic fractionation mainly occurs by biodegradation. In addition, isotopic fractionation factor for TCE is different according to a kind of microorganism participated in biodegradation. However, the isotopic data of TCE have to be applied with chemical compositions of TCE and other hydrogeologic factors because isotopic fractionation of TCE is influenced by various factors.