• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2006

목적 : 헤르페스 심플렉스 1형 바이러스 티미딘 키나제(Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. HSV1-tk) 유전자는 보고 유전자로서 필요한 조건뿐만 아니라 별도의 치료 유전자를 따로 이입할 필요가 없다는 장점을 가지고 있어 유전자 영상과 치료에서 가장 널리 사용되는 유전자이다. 본 연구에서는 간암세포주에서 HSV1-tk 보고 유전자 발현을 비침습적 PET 영상으로 평가하는데 있어서 $9-(4-[^{18}F]Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)$guanine ($[^{18}F]FHBG$)의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : $[^{18}F]FHBG$는 triester로부터 8단계를 거쳐 합성하였다. $[^{18}F]FHBG$는 전구체로 N2-monomethoxytrityl-9-[4-(tosyl)-3-monomethoxytritylmethylbutyl]guanine를 사용하고 kyptofix [2.2.2.]를 이용한 친핵성 반응으로 $120^{\circ}C$에서 20분 동안 반응한 후에 1 N HCl로 보호기를 제거함으로써 합성하였다. HSV1-tk 보고 유전자가 이입되어 있는 세포주인 MCA-tk와 이입되지 않은 MCA 세포주를 이용하여 in vitro 상에서의 $[^{18}F]FHBG$의 섭취 및 방출 실험을 실시하였으며 섭취량과 발현량의 상관성 평가를 위해 세포수 백분율에 따른 섭취실험을 실시하였다. In vivo 상에서의 평가를 위하여 피하 종양 형성 동물모델을 이용하여 microPET생체영상을 획득하였다. 결과: 합성된 $[^{18}F]FHBG$를 역상 HPLC를 사용하여, 머무름 시간 16-18분에서 분리하였다. 반감기를 고려한 방사화학적 수율은 20-25%, 방사화학적 순도는 95% 이상이었으며 비방사능은 55.0 $GBq/{\mu}\;mol$ 이상이었다. HSV1-tk 유전자가 이입된 MCA-tk 세포에서는 특이적인 $[^{18}F]FHBG$의 집적이 발생하였으며 대조군인 MCA에서는 거의 집적이 이루어지지 않았다. 또한, 방출 실험에서 방출 후 1시간 경과까지 86% 이상의 $[^{18}F]FHBG$가 세포내에 잔류하였다. MCA-tk 세포주의 비율이 증가함에 따라 $[^{18}F]FHBG$의 섭취량도 직선적 상관관계($R^2=0.995$)에 따라 증가하여 기질의 섭취량이 유전자 발현량을 잘 반영하고 있음이 확인되었다. MicroPET을 이용한 생체영상에서도 MCA와 MCA-tk 에서 확연한 집적의 차이를 보여주었다. 결론: 간암세포주에서 HSV1-tk 유전자의 발현 정도와 지속성 그리고 위치를 확인하기 위한 비침습적 PET 영상을 위한 기질로서 $[^{18}F]FHBG$는 매우 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1998

우리 나라의 일부 지역 주민에서 혈청 CA19-9과 CA125 농도의 분포를 관찰함으로써 경계치 설정 이전에 미리 예비적 자료를 확보하고, 두 종양표지자의 측정치에 영향을 미치는 인자들, 특히 음주와 흡연 습관에 대한 통계적 유의성을 평가하기 위해 단시적 조사연구를 시도하였다. 1995년에 일부 농촌지역 성인 171명(남자 76명, 여자 95명)을 대상으로 하여 설문조사와 혈청 검사를 통해 개개인의 음주, 흡연습관 및 생식요인에 관한 정보 및 혈청 CA19-9 및 CA125 농도를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 혈청 CA19-9 농도의 평균 및 표준편차는 남녀 각각 $10.4{\pm}11.1{\mu}/ml$, $10.1{\pm}10.0{\mu}/ml$로 남녀간의 차이가 없었으나, 혈청 CA125 농도의 평균 및 표준편차는 각각 $2.5{\pm}12.2{\mu}/ml$, $11.2{\pm}7.4{\mu}/ml$로 여자에서 높았다. 한편 현재 임상적으로 적용되고 있는 양성판정치를 근거로 하여 판정한 혈청 CA19-9 및 CA125 양성률은 각각 2.9%, 1.8%이었으며, 각각 남녀간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2) 혈청 CA19-9 농도는 일일 흡연량(r=0.23, p=0.054) 및 총 흡연량(r=0.28, p=0.017)과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 성별로는 여자에서만 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다(일일흡연량 r=0.59, p=.0.026 ; 총흡연량 r=0.74, p=0.003). 3) 혈청 CA125 농도는 흡연시작연령(r=0.51, p=0.000) 과는 양의 상관관계를, 총흡연기간(r=-0.23, p=0.051) 및 총흡연량(r=-0.23, p=0.057)과는 음의 상관관계를 보였는데, 성별로는 남자에서만 흡연시작연령(r=0.28, p=0.031)과 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다. 4) 혈청 CA125 농도는 여자에서 연령(r=-0.20, p=0.058), 생리중단 연령(r=-0.28, p=0.030), 총수유기간(r=-0.29, p=0.014)과 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 5) 혈청 CA19-9 및 CA125 농도는 비만, 학력, 그리고 음주와 유의한 상관관계가 없었으며, 여자에서는 혈청 CA19-9 및 CA125 농도간에 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.20, p=0.047). 6) 연령 및 비만의 교란효과를 통제하기 위한 중회귀분석 결과, 혈청 CA19-9 농도와 유의한 회귀관계를 보이는 변수는 없었다. 이에 비해 혈청 CA125 농도는 전체대상례에선 흡연시작연령이 빠르거나(p=0.000), 총 흡연기간이 길거나(p=0.001), 총흡연량이 많거나(p=0.020), 생리중단연령이 늦거나(p=0.035), 수유를 오래 할수록(p=0.050) 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나, 성별로 분석하였을 때 여자에서 흡연인자들의 유의한 회귀관계가 모두 소실되었다. 결론적으로, 혈청 CA19-9 농도는 흡연, 음주, 월경-출산관련 변수들에 의해 영향을 받는 않는 것으로 보여 실제 임상에 적용할 때 이들 변수를 고려하지 않고도 이용될 수 있는 비교적 안정된 종양표지자로 생각된다. 이에 비해 혈청 CA125 농도는 흡연량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 연령과 비만지수에 따라 흡연량이 교란영향을 받고 있는 지표임을 알 수 있었다. 한편, 여성에서는 폐경연령과 총수유기간이 유의한 관계를 보여 향후 정상치역 결정시 생리, 수유 등의 변수를 고려해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2015

목 적 : 불면증은 여러 가지 신체질환, 정신질환에 공이환 된 경우가 많아 일차 진료에서 가장 흔한 문제 중 하나이다. 정신생리적 과각성이 병태생리에서 중요하다고 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 바이오피드백 기기를 이용한 스트레스 반응 검사로 일차성 불면증과 정상인 간에 생리신호 특성을 비교하였다. 방 법 : 일차성 불면증 환자 80명(남자 35, 여자 45명, $49.71{\pm}12.91$세)과 정상인 101명(남자 64, 여자 37명, $27.65{\pm}2.77$세)에게 바이오피드백 기기를 이용하여 스트레스 반응 검사를 하였다. 스트레스 반응 검사는 기저, 스트레스 1, 회복 1, 스트레스 2, 회복 2단계의 다섯 단계로 하였다. 각 단계에서 근전도(EMG), 심장박동수(heart rate), 피부전도(skin conductance), 피부체온(skin temperature), 그리고 호흡수(respiratory rate)를 각각 2분 동안 기록하여 평균값을 산출하였다. 측정값들의 양 군 사이 비교에는 독립 t-검정, 이전 단계와 비교한 측정값의 변화는 대응표본 t-검정으로 분석하였다(양측검정, p < 0.05). 결 과 : 불면증 환자는 정상인에 비해 5단계 스트레스 반응 검사 모두에서 전두근이 더 긴장해 있었다(기저 : $7.72{\pm}3.88{\mu}V$ vs. $4.89{\pm}1.73{\mu}V$, t = -6.06, p < 0.001 ; 스트레스 1 : $10.29{\pm}5.16{\mu}V$ vs. $6.63{\pm}2.48{\mu}V$, t = -5.84, p < 0.001 ; 회복 1 : $7.87{\pm}3.86{\mu}V$ vs. $5.17{\pm}2.17{\mu}V$, t = -5.61, p < 0.001 ; 스트레스 2 : $10.22{\pm}6.07{\mu}V$ vs. $6.98{\pm}2.98{\mu}V$, t = -4.37, p < 0.001 ; 회복 2 : $7.88{\pm}4.25{\mu}V$ vs. $5.17{\pm}1.99{\mu}V$, t = -5.27, p < 0.001 ). 정상인은 불면증 환자와 비교하여 각 단계에 따른 심장박동수의 변화 정도가 더 컸다(스트레스 1-기저 : $6.48{\pm}0.59$ vs. $3.77{\pm}0.59$, t = 3.22, p = 0.002 ; 회복 1-스트레스 1 : $-5.36{\pm}0.0.59$ vs. $-3.16{\pm}0.47$, t = 2.91, p = 0.004 ; 스트레스 2-회복 1 : $8.45{\pm}0.61$ vs. $4.03{\pm}0.47$, t = 5.72, p < 0.001 ; 회복 2-스트레스 2 : $-8.56{\pm}0.65$ vs. $-4.02{\pm}0.51$, t = -5.31, p < 0.001). 결 론 : 일차성 불면증 환자는 정상인에 비해 전두근 근전도 측정값이 전반적으로 증가되었고, 심장박동수의 검사 단계별 변화 정도가 작았다. 이는 불면증 환자의 자율신경계가 정상인에 비해 과각성 상태에 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.472-482
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• 2003

심폐바이패스의 재가온 시기 동안 뇌산소 탈포화가 수술 후 신경학적 합병증 발생의 원인 중 한가지라고 보고된 바 있다. 따라서 심폐바이패스 동안 뇌산소 탈포화를 예방해 줌으로써 수술 후 신경학적 합병증 발생을 줄일 수 있으리라 생각된다. 본 연구는 심폐바이패스 동안 뇌산소 탈포화를 예방해주는 방법인 고탄산분압과 고관류가 뇌대사에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위해 실시되었다. 대상 및 방법: 심장수술을 시행할 36명의 성인 환자들을 대상으로 심폐바이패스의 재가온 시기 동안 동맥혈액의 고탄산분압군(Pa$CO_2$ 45~50mmHg, n＝18)과 고관류군(2.75 L/ $m^2$/min, n＝18)으로 나누었다. 전체 환자들에 대해 중대뇌동맥 혈류 속도, 뇌동정맥혈 산소함량 차이, 뇌산소 대사율, 뇌산소 운반율, S-100 $\beta$ 농도 증가율, 뇌정맥혈 산소 탈포화도 등을 심폐바이패스 전, 심페바이패스 실시 10분, 재가온-1기(비인두 온도: 33$^{\circ}C$), 재가온-2기(비인두 온도; 37$^{\circ}C$), 심폐바이패스 종료 직후 등의 다섯 시기에 측정하였다. 그리고 수술 후 섬망 발생률과 지속시간 역시 조사하여서 위의 모든 변수들과 함께 양 그룹간에 비교하였다. 결과: 고탄산분압군이 고관류군 보다 재가온 시기 동안 중대뇌동맥 혈류 속도(157.88$\pm$10.87 vs 120.00$\pm$6.18%, p＝0.006), 뇌정맥혈 산소분압(41.01$\pm$2.25 vs 32.02$\pm$1.67 mmHg, p＝0.03) 및 포화도(68.01$\pm$2.75 vs 61.28$\pm$2.87%, p＝0.03), 뇌산소 운반비율(110.84$\pm$7.41 vs 81.15$\pm$8.11%, p＝0.003)이 유의하게 더 높았다. 재가온 동안 뇌동정맥 산소함량 차이(4.0$\pm$0.30 vs 4.84$\pm$0.38mg/dL, p＝0.04), S-100 $\beta$ 증가율(391.67$\pm$23.40 vs 940.0$\pm$17.02%, p＝0.003), 뇌정맥혈 산소 탈포화도(2명 vs 4명, p＝0.04), 수술 후 섬망증의 지속시간(18 vs 34 hr, p＝0.02)은 고탄산분압군이 고관류군에 비해 상대적으로 낮았다. 결론: 상기한 결과들을 비교 분석한 바 심폐바이패스 시 고탄산분안법이 고관류법 보다 뇌조직에 산소공급을 더 많이 해줌으로써 뇌대사가 상대적으로 원활하여 신경학적 합병증 발생률이 낮은 것으로 사료된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.99-111
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• 1973

전국적(全國的)으로 실시한 삼요소(三要素) 시험중(試驗中) 1967년(年) 51개소(個所) 68년(年)에 32개소(個所)에서 N 8, 10, 12, 14kg/10a 수준(水準)과 $P_2O_5$ 및 $K_2O$ 각(各) 6과 8kg 시비수준(施肥水準)에 대(對)한 삼요소(三要素) 이용율(利用率)을 조사(調査)하였다. 삼요소(三要素) 이용율(利用率)과 수량(收量) 및 건물생산량(乾物生産量), 삼요소(三要素) 및 규산흡수량(珪酸吸收量)과의 아래와 같은 관계에서 무기양분(無機養分)의 생산(生産)에 기여하는 양상(樣相)이 시용(施用)한 P가 1차적(次的)으로 Si흡수(吸收)를 이차적(二次的)으로 Si가 N흡수(吸收)를 조장(助長)하여 기여하는 P형(型)과 시용(施用)한 K가 P흡수(吸收)를, 이차적(二次的)으로 P가 N흡수(吸收)를 조장(助長)하여 기여하는 K형(型)으로 연도별(年度別) 주도형(主導型)을 구분(區分)할 수 있었다. 1. 질소(窒素)는 전포장수(全圃場數)의 4%, 인산(燐酸)은 48%, 가리(加里)는 38%가 0 또는 부(負)의 이용율(利用率)을 보였으며 이용율(利用率)의 발현빈도(發現頻度) 백분분포(百分分布)가 N는 30 내지 40에서 최고빈도(最高頻度)를 보이는 정규분포(正規分布)에 가깝게, P와 K는 0 이하(以下)에서 최고빈도(最高頻度)를 갖고 점차 감소하는 편의 분포(分布)를 갖는다. 2. 삼요소(三要素) 이용율(利用率) (0 이상(以上)만)은 67년(年)에 N는 33(10kg 시비(施肥) 수준이상(水準以上)) P는 27, K는 40이고 68년(年)엔 40, 20, 46%이고 부(負)의 이용율(利用率)을 0으로한 2개년(個年) 평균(平均)은33(8kg 이상(以上)) 13, 27이었다. 3. 이용율(利用率)의 표준편차(漂準偏差)는 P와 K에서 이용율(利用率)보다 크고 P이용율(利用率)의 변이(變異)가 가장 크다. 4. 이용율(利用率)과 수량(收量) 또는 건물생산량(乾物生産量)과의 유의상관(有意相關) 출현빈도(出現頻度)는 N>K>P의 순(順)이며 10kg 수준의 N이용율(利用率)은 67년(年)엔 P이용율(利用率)과만 63년(年)엔 K이용율(利用率)과만 유의상관(有意相關)을 갖는다. 5. P이용율(利用率)은 그것이 높고 K이용율(利用率)이 낮았던 67년(年)에만, 그리고 K이용율(利用率)은 그와 반대였던 68년(年)에만 모든 처리구의 건물생산량(乾物生産量)과 유의상관(有意相關)을 보이고, 유의상관(有意相關)이 없는 해에는 무비구(無肥區) 및 결비구(缺肥區)區에서 부상관계수(負相顯係數)를 보이고 있다. 6. 이용율(利用率)과 수량(收量)과의 상관(相關)은 이용율(利用率)과 건물생산량(乾物生産量)과의 상관(相關)과 경향은 유사하나 유의성이 적어삼요소(三要素) 영양(營養)은 건물생산(乾物生産)에서 잘 표현된다. 7. N이용율(利用率)은 N시비구(施肥區)의 N흡수량(吸收量)과 많은 경우 유의상관(有意相關)을, 무(無)N구(區)의 흡수량(吸收量)과는 유의부상관(有意負相關)을 보이며, N시비구(施肥區)의 P, K또는 Si흡수량(吸收量)과도 여러 경우 유의상관(有意相關)을 보였다. 8. P이용율(利用率)은 그것이 높았던 67년(年)만 모든 처리구에서 Si흡수량(吸收量)과, 그리고 무(無)P구(區)를 제(除)한 모든 처리구의 N 흡수량(吸收量)과 유의상관(有意相關)을 보여 P는 일차적(一次的)으로 Si흡수(吸收)를 돕고 이차적(二次的)으로 Si흡수(吸收)가 N흡수(吸收)를 조장(助長)함을 나타낸다. P이용율(利用率)은 N시비구(施肥區)의 P흡수량(吸收量)과 K흡수량(吸收量)과도 많은 경우 유의상관(有意相關)을 보였다. 9. K이용율(利用率)은 그것이 컸던 68년(年)에 모든 처리구의 P흡수량(吸收量)과 무(無)N구(區)을 제(除)한 모든 처리구의 N흡수량(吸收量)과 그리고 무(無)P구(區)를 제(除)한 모든 처리구의 K흡수량(吸收量)과 유의상관(有意相關)을 보이며 무(無)K구(區)의 K흡수량(吸收量)과는 부상관(負相關)이고 K이용율(利用率)이 적었던 67년(年)에는 무비구(無肥區)나 결비구(缺肥區)의 P흡수량(吸收量)과 유의성(有意性)은 없으나 부상관(負相關)이었다. K이용율(利用率)은 N나 P와는 달리 K흡수량(吸收量)과 보다 수량(收量)이나 건물생산량(乾物生産量)과의 상관(相關)이 더 크며 K이용율(利用率)이 컸던 해에만 Si흡수량(吸收量)과 무(無)N구(區)와 최고시비구(最高施肥區)에서 유의상관(有意相關)을 갖고 무(無)K구(區)에서 유의부상관(有意負相關)을 보였다. 이로서 K는 일차적(一次的)으로 P흡수(吸收)를 돕고 이차적(二次的)으로 P가 N흡수(吸收)를 도와서 생산(生産)에 기여하는 것 같다. 10. N이용율(利用率)과 수량(收量)이나 건물생산량(乾物生産量)과의 상관(相關)이 무(無)P구(區)에서 보다 무(無)K구(區)가 높고 무(無)K구(區)보다 시비구(施肥區)에서 높으며 이러한 경향은 N이용율(利用率)과 N흡수량(吸收量)사이에서도 동일(同一)하였다. 이 사실과, K이용율(利用率)과 건물생산량(乾物生産量)과의 관계는 P가 N흡수(吸收)를 돕고 N나 P가 부족(不足)할 때에는 K가 N흡수(吸收)를 경쟁적으로 억제하여 생산(生産)을 저하(低下)시키는 것을 나타낸다. 11. 삼요소(三要素) 이용율(利用率)은 67년(年)에는 무(無)P구(區)의 상대건물생산량(相對乾物生産量)과, 68년(年)에는 무(無)K구(區)의 상대수량(相對收量)과 유의상관(有意相關)을 갖는다. 이는 P가 분얼 즉 영양생장단계에, K가 곡실형성 즉 생식 생장단계에 더 작용(作用)하였음을 나타내고 있다. 12. 삼요소(三要素) 이용율(利用率)과 결비구(缺肥區)의 상대생산량(相對生産量)이나 무비구(無肥區)의 결비구(缺肥區)에 대(對)한 상대생산량(相對生産量)과의 상관(相關)에서 어느 경우에도 N가 수도생산(水稻生産)에 가장 큰 역할(役割)을 하고 있음을 보였다. 13. 이상의 결과에서 40 내지 50%의 포장(圃場)은 P와 K를 시비(施肥)하지 아니해도 되며 시비량(施肥量)도 연도(年度)및 포장에 따라 변이(變異)가 커야 할 것이며 특히 P에서 그러하다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.83-108
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• 1984

Out of a total of 58 species of helminthic and protozoan parasitic infections in Korea, so far 38 species were reported as intestinal parasites of man. Quite a few species of the intestinal parasitic infections have long been prevalent throughout the country and this has been a significant public health problem. In this paper, current status and transition of the intestinal parasitic infections in the past years were presented. Chronological reviewing of data show background and prospects of change in the prevalence of infections. In the national prevalence survey on parasitic infections conducted once every five years since 1971, stool examinations were done by both cellophane thick smear and brine flotation techniques. Every egg positive case of Ascaris lumbricoides and Clonorchis sinensis was further examined by Stoll's dilution egg counting technique. In 1981, perianal swab using adhesive cellulose tape was added for Enterobius infection. For protozoan cyst examination conducted by province and city in '81, fecal specimens were fixed in SAF solution and examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. High prevalence of parasitic infection in ana before the 1960s can be easily understood from the data given by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in 1967. From a parasite control point of view, the 1960s was the preparatory period particularly for control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Several organizations which have contributed to parasite control were founded in this period and the prevention law of parasitic infections was passed in '66. In the '70s, overall prevalence rates of the common intestinal parasitic infections, which were highly prevalent in the past were turned into reduction phase for the first time. The '80s can be said to be an active control period of parasitic infections. Intestinal helminths According to the reports of the national prevalence survey on parasitic infections, the prevalence of helminthic infections was 84.3%(number of person examined:24,887) in '71, 63.2%(27,178) in '76, and 41.1%(35,018) in '81. By area, the prevalence rate in '81 was 35.1%(20,569) in urban areas and 49.6%(14,447) in rural areas. Intestinal nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides The prevalence of Ascaris infection has decreased significantly in recent years. Among students, the prevalence was 55.4%, in '69 and decreased to 4.7% in '83. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence decreased to 13.0% in '81 from 54.9% in '71. By area, the prevalence decreased to 8.5% in '81 from 46.4% in '71 in urban area and 19.4% in '81 from 59.6% in '71 in rural area. By age, the prevalence has become in recent years relatively even in all age groups, although higher prevalence used to be seen in young age groups of around 10 years old, particulary in the highly prevalent rural areas. By sex, the prevalence was higher in the female than in the male. Unfertilized egg positive rates among the ascariasis cases increased gradually up to 55.4% on the average in '81. The intensity of the infection was also significantly decreased. Trichuris trichiura Trichuris infection had also decreased to 23.4% in '81 from 65.4% in '71. By area, the decreasing tendency of the prevalence became faster in urban areas than in the rural areas. The prevalence in urban and rural areas in '71 was 69.7%, and 63.1% respectively and decreased to 19.5% and 29.0% respectively in '81. By age, the prevalence reached a peak at the 10-14 age group and showed relatively even distribution throughout all age groups. By sex, the prevalence was close in young age groups, but in the 30s or over age group, especially in rural area, the prevalence was significantly higher in the female than in the male. The prevalence has much fluctuated depending in the area. The prevalence in rural areas surveyed in the '80s shows a range between 20.9% and 73.7% by locality. It is anticipated that the prevalence of Trichuris infection will drop more rapidly, when mass treatment is conducted. Hookworms Hookworm infection by mostly Ancylostoma duodenale and a few by Necator americanus has decreased to a negligible levels in recent years. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence was 10.7% in '71, 2.2% in '76, and 0.5% in '81. The prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Wide application of multi-specific anthelminthics in the ascariasis control programmes conducted in the past decade appear to have been effective against hookworm infection. Trichostrongylus orientalis As in the case with hookworm infection, the prevalence of Trichostrongylus infection has reached a negligible levels. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence was 7.7% in '71, 1.0% in '76 and 0.2% in '81. Enterobius vermicularis In the national prevalence survey in '81, the egg positive rate was 12.0%. Higher prevalence is expected when examined repeatedly. The prevalence rate was 10.3% in urban area and 14.6% in rural area. In recent surveys conducted in rural areas among schoolchildren, the prevalence was 32.4% in Gimhae Gun in '82 and 64.1% in Yeongyang Gun in '83. By age, the egg positive rate was higher in young age groups of around 10 and sharply decreased in age groups of around 20 and then somewhat increased again in middle age groups. By sex, the prevalence was higher in the female than in the male. Strongyloides stercoralis Strongyloides stercoralis infection has rarely been found in Korea. Three cases were reported in 1914. And 0.1-0.5% were found infected out of 2,642 persons examined at the prisoner-of-war camp on Geojedo in 1956. One case was reported in '54 and '82, respectively. Anisakis spp. No systematic survey has been conducted for anisakiasis In Korea. So far, only several cases have been found 1 case in Seoul in '71, 5 cases in Busan in '81 and 1 case in Busan in '84. Intestinal trematodes Metagonimus yokogawai In the national prevalence survey conducted in 1981, the egg positive rate was 1.24% on the average. High endemic areas are located in the southwestern part of Korea. The prevalence in Hadong Gun was 29.1% on the average in '79. In a survey conducted in 76, the prevalence was 44.0% in Gwangyang, 55.0% in Gogseung and 29.0% in Gurye. The infection is closely correlated with raw sweetfish consumption in these areas. Other intestinal trematodes A human case of Heterophyes heterophyes was reported in 1914. Several species were reported in the '80s : 17 cases of Fibricola seoulensis, 9 cases of Pygidiopsis summa, 8 cases of Heterophyes heterophyes nocens, 1case of Heterophyopsis continua, 2 cases of Stellantchasmus falcatus, 1 case of Stictodora sp., 1 case of Echinostoma hortense, and 4 cases of Echinochasmus japonicus. As the intermediate hosts, snakes and frogs play a role for F.seoulensis and fish for the rest of the species. Intestinal cestodes Taenia saginata and T. solium Egg positive rates in the national prevalence survey were 0.7% in '76 and 1.1% in '81. The prevalence in '81 was 0.6% in urban area and 1.8% in rural area. The proglottid positive rate in Jeju Do was 19.2% on the average. On Udo, Jeju Do in 1983, the egg positive rate among the inhabitants was 2.9%. Hymenolepis nana In the national prevalence survey, egg positive rates were 0.6% in '76 and 0.4% in '81. No difference was seen in the prevalence by area and sex. Hymenolepis diminuta Infected cases were reported : 3 in '64 and I in '66. Egg positive rate in '81 was 0.01% in the national prevalence survey. Diphylobothrium latum So far, about 30 cases have been reported. The cases have been reported more frequently in recent surveys. Mesocestoides sp. A case was reported from a hospitalized patient in Seoul in '67. Spirometra erinacei Two cases were reported in '84 following reidentification of the adult worms collected in '74. Intestinal protozoa Out of a total of 23 species of human protozoan infections in Korea, 13 species were reported as intestinal protozoa : Entamoeba histolytica, E coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba b$\ddot{u}$tschlii, Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix mesnilii, Embadomonas sp., Enteromonas hominis, Trichomonas hominis, Isospora belli, I. Hominis(Sarcocystis hominis), and Balantidium coli. Since the first report on intestinal protozoan infections in 1925, there have been quite a few survey data on the prevalence of the infection. It was found reviewing the data chronologically that up to the early '70s the infection was prevalent around a 30-50%. After that, the protozoan cyst positive rate has shown the tendency of gradual decrease throughout the country. Protozoan cyst survey conducted in Seoul and several provinces in 1981 revealed infection rates of 8.9%(1,310) in Gangweondo, 10.7%(1,703) in Gyenggi Do, 11.7%(1,032) in Jeonra Buk Do, 9.1%(4,116) in Jeonra Nam Do, and 1.4%(5,275) in Seoul. Entamoeba histolytica In the survey conducted by province in '81, the cyst positive rate was 0.8% in Gangweon-do, 0.3% in Gyeonggi Do, 1.4% in both Jeonra Buk Do and Jeonra Nam Do, and 0.2% in Seoul. Giardia lamblia In the survey by province in '81, cyst positive rates were 2.2% in both Gyeonggi Do and Jeonra Buk Do, 1.9% in Jeonra Nam Do, 0.5% in Gangweon Do, and 0.9% in Seoul. Balantidium coli Two cases were reported. One in 1930 and the other in '74. Isospora belli and I. Hominis(Sarcocystis hominis) Isospora belli was reported : 1 case in '56 and 3 cases in '66. I. Hominis, recently identified to be synonymous with Sarcocystis hominis, was reported : 3 cases in '66. Other intestinal protozoa The protozoan parasites other than the above mentioned are generally treated as commensal, although some of them are considered to be pathogenic. The data of '81 show that about 10% of the inhabitants are still infected with protozoa.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제14권
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• pp.1-40
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• 1973

수도의 다수확을 위하여 근래 다비재배의 경향이 높아가고 있는 반면에 등숙률의 저하가 증수저해요인으로 크게 문제되고 있다. 특히 최근 육성된 통일품종은 이점이 더 심각한 바 있어 등숙의 향상책을 모색하고저 1970년부터 1972년까지 3개년간에 걸쳐 수원 작물시험장포장과 인공기상실에서 주로 진흥과 통일을 공시하여 증숙에 관한 일련의 실험을 시행한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 통일의 곡립은 발아등 종래품종에 비하여 세장하고 곡립의 폭 및 두께가 작으며 비중과의 상관관계는 진흥에 있어서는 곡립의 무게, 두께, 폭 및 길이의 순으로 낮으나 통일은 무게, 폭, 두께 및 길이의 순으로 낮았다. 2. 비중별 립수분포에 있어서 종래의 Japonica도는 비중 1.18을 정점으로 대부분 1.12이상에 분포하고 있으나 통일계통에서는 1.12이하의 곡립도 상당수 분포하였고 진흥이 비중 1.06이하에서 정현비율이 급감하고 있으나 통일에 있어서는 비중 1.20에서 0.96까지의 곡립의 정현비율이 별로 차이가 없으므로 1.06을 등숙립의 선별기준으로 삼는 것은 불합리한 것으로 인정된다. 3. 출수후의 등숙속도는 품종간차이가 현저하며 대체로 한랭지 재배품종일수록 느렸으며 통일은 원래 등숙이 빠른 편이나 등숙후기에는 기온의 저하로 인하여 그 속도가 떨어졌다. 4. 지발분얼 또는 약세분얼은 수당영화수도 적을 뿐 아니라 등숙률도 낮은데 통일은 지발분얼이 많고 이들은 저온하에서 출수하여 수전일수가 연장되고 등숙률이 떨어졌다. 5. 통일의 엽신은 짧고 넓으며 엽신전개력은 다비조건에서는 진흥만큼 크고 또 엽의 경사각도는 적어 수광태세가 양호하였다. 통일 엽신의 단위동화능력은 고온하에서는 비교적 크나 저온하에서는 떨어졌다. 6. 통일은 단간이며 하위절간이 짧고 굵어서 도복저항성이 크고 출수전 저장탄수화물이 많았으며 인산, 규산, 석회, 망간 및 마그네슘 등의 체내함유율이 높았다. 7. 통일은 비교적 많은 영화수를 가지고 있고 진흥이 영화수와 등숙률간에 유의적인 역상관이 있음에 비하여 통일은 고온다조하에서는 영화수가 많아도 등숙률은 떨어지지 않고 영화수증가에 비례하여 수량이 많아졌다. 8. 진흥에 비하여 통일의 뿌리는 천근성이며 고온하에서는 그 활력이 컸으나 저온시에는 엽신이 황갈색으로 변하고 그 변색정도에 비례해서 뿌리의 활력도 떨어졌다. 9. 통일은 수광태세가 좋고 동화일호흡균형상 유리한 생산구조를 갖어 진흥보다 이상적인 모형이었다. 10. 수원지방의 수도보통기재배에 있어서 수량생산기간의 일사량은 비교적 풍부한 편이나 8월25일이후에 출수할 때에는 평균기온이 22$^{\circ}C$이하로 빠르게 하강하므로서 기온이 보다 등숙의 제한요인으로 인정된다. 11. 진흥이 저온하에서도 등숙율이 비교적 높은데 통일의 등숙적온은 $25^{\circ}C$이상이며 21$^{\circ}C$이하에서는 완전등숙이 거의 불가능하였다. 12. 진흥은 감광성이 비교적 크고 감온성은 중정도인데 비하여 통일은 감광성은 작으나 기본영양생장성과 저온하의 출수지연도가 컸었다. 13. 진흥은 질소의 후기중점시비에 의하여 등숙율이 향상되고 증수되었으나 통일에 있어서는 기비중점으로 질소를 시용하여 영화를 많이 확보하여도 등숙율저하가 적고 오히려 증수되였다. 14. 진흥은 만식적응성이 비교적 크나 통일은 조식효과가 크고 만식하면 출수가 지연되고 등숙온도가 낮아져서 등숙율과 수량이 떨어졌다. 15. 통일은 내비성과 밀식적응성이 커서 다비밀식조건에서 그 다수성을 발휘하는 특성을 가졌으며 주수 및 묘수증가에 의하여 수전일수가 단축되고 등숙률이 향상되었다. 16. 재식거리를 좁히고 어느 정도 주당묘수를 늘리면 강세분얼비율이 높아졌다. 17. 인산은 저온시에는 등숙율을 상당히 향상시켰다. 이상을 요약해보면 종래품종들의 등숙향상을 꾀하자면 8월20일이전에 출수시켜야 하며 10a당 질소 7.5kg 이상의 과다한 기비를 억제하고 후기중점으로 시비하여 동화효율을 높여야할 것이다. 한편 통일은 곡립이 세장하고 식물체가 작고 뭉툭한 등 종래품종과 판이한 외부형태와 더불어 그 생리생태적 특성도 상이한 점이 많으므로 등숙립선별, 도정 및 재배법상에도 종전품종과 다른 고려가 있어야 할 것이다. 즉 등숙립 선별기준에 대하여는 통일의 비중별 입수분포 및 정현비율로 보아 종래의 등숙립 선별기준인 비중 1.06 보다는 0.96을 적용하는 것이 합리적이고 도정상으로는 통일의 곡립이 세장하고 폭 및 두께가 작다는 것을 고려하여야 한다. 재배법에 있어서 통일의 등숙률이 낮은 원인이 주로 약세분얼이 많고 저온하에서는 출수가 지연되고 뿌리와 엽신의 기능이 저하되며 불임이 증가되는 것으로 판명되었고 그 외에 통일은 다비밀식적응성이 크므로 등숙향상과 수량 증대를 위해서는 적극적인 방법으로서 우선 견실하고 큰 묘를 가능한 한 조식하고 다비밀식상태로 재배하되 충분한 기비를 시용하고 묘수를 3본 내외로 심고 인산 및 규산등을 충분히 시용하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.